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Microbiology > Generalities > Flashcards

Generalities Flashcards

0
Q

DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site

A

Replicative transposition

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1
Q

1) No nuclear membrane 2) No Mitotic Division 3) No DNA associated with histones 4) One chromosome number 5) No membrane bound organelles 6) 70s ribosome 7) Peptidoglycan cell wall

A

Prokaryotes

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2
Q

DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into the new site

A

Direct transposition

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3
Q

DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids, and bacteriophages.

A

Transposons

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4
Q

Codes for drug resistant enzymes, toxins or metabolic enzymes and causes mutations in genes into which they insert or alter the expression of nearby genes

A

Transposons

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5
Q

Appearance of the vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation.

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

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6
Q

Impervious to standard viral disinfection procedures Very long incubation periods

A

Prion

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7
Q

Loss of muscle control Shivering Myoclonic jerks and tremors Loss of coordination Rapidly progressive dementia Death

A

Prions Spongiform encephalities

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8
Q

Smallest bacteria No cell wall No peptidoglycan layer

A

Mycoplasma sp.

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9
Q

Largest medically important bacteria

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)

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10
Q

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except _____

A

Mycoplasma

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11
Q

Kills bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan

A

Lysozyme

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12
Q

What is cleaved by lysozymes in bacteria

A

Beta 1-4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac

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13
Q

Facilitates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell

A

Porin proteins

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14
Q

In the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, they act as a channel to allow the entry of essential substances such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, metals, and antimicrobial drugs.

A

Porin proteins

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15
Q

Thick multilayer peptidoglycan (+) teichoic acids No lipopolysaccharide No periplasmic space

A

Gram positive cells

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16
Q

Thinner, single layer of peptidoglycan No teichoic acids (+) Lipopolysaccharide (+) Periplasmic space

A

Gram negative cells

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17
Q

The ONLY gram positive bacteria with endotoxin

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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18
Q

Enumerate the proper sequence of reagents used in gram staining.

A

Crystal Violet Iodine Acetone Safranin

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19
Q

Enumerate the proper sequence of procedure in gram staining

A

Primary stain Mordant Decolorizing agent Counterstain

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20
Q

At the lab, after using a decolorizing agent you found out that you ran out of safranin, you looked into the microscope and saw blue-violet. What bacteria are you dealing with?

A

Gram positive

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21
Q

At the lab, after using a decolorizing agent you found out that you ran out of safranin, you looked into the microscope and saw unstained bacteria. What bacteria are you dealing with?

A

Gram negative

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22
Q

Mycobacteriae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

A

Acid Fast Stain

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23
Q

Spirochetes can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

A

Darkfield microscopy

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24
Q

Mycoplasma spp. can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

A

None (Serologies)

25
Q

Legionella spp. can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

A

Silver stain

26
Q

Chlamydiae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

A

Inclusion bodies

27
Q

Rickettsiae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

A

Giemsa/ Tissue stains

28
Q

What are the bacteria not seen in Gram Stain?

A

Treponema Rickettsia Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Legionella Chlamydia These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

29
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT ______

A

Bacillus anthracis

30
Q

Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols Site of oxidative and transport enzymes

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

31
Q

RNA and protein in 50S and 30S subunits Protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

32
Q

DNA Genetic material

A

Nucleoid

33
Q

Invagination of plasma membrane Participates in cell division and secretion

A

Mesosome

34
Q

Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases

A

Periplasm

35
Q

Polysaccharide that protects against phagocytosis

A

Capsule

36
Q

Glycoprotein Attachment, conjugation

A

Pilus or fimbria

37
Q

Polysaccharide that mediates adherence to surfaces

A

Glycocalyx

38
Q

Protein for motility

A

Flagellum

39
Q

Keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid Resistance to heat and chemicals

A

Spore

40
Q

DNA Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

A

Plasmid

41
Q

Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates Site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

Granule

42
Q

Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome. Can sometimes be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

A

Plasmids

43
Q

Cells are depleted of metabolites Adaptation to new environment Nutrients are incorporated Cells do not divide

A

Phase 1: Lag Phase

44
Q

Rapid cell division Beta Lactam antibiotics act during this time Continues until nutrients become exhausted or toxic metabolites accumulate and inhibit growth

A

Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase

45
Q

Spores are formed Nutrients are exhausted or Toxic products accumulate causing growth to cease completely

A

Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase

46
Q

Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted

A

Phase 4: Decline or death phase

47
Q

Enzymes needed to survive in aerobic environments

A

Superoxide dismutase Peroxidase Catalase

48
Q

What uses fermentation and can tolerate low amounts of oxygen and uses what enzyme to do so?

A

Microaerophiles Superoxide dismutase

49
Q

Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

A

Obligate aerobes

50
Q

Utilizes oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative Anaerobes

51
Q

Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

52
Q

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobes

53
Q

Examples of Obligate Aerobes

A

Nocardia Neisseria Pseudomonas Mycobacteria Bordetella/Brucella/B. cereus Legionella Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen

54
Q

Examples of Anaerobes

A

ABC of Anaerobes Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium

55
Q

Movement of a gene from a silent storage site where the gene is not expressed to an active site where transcription and translation occur

A

Programmed rearrangement

56
Q

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

57
Q

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

58
Q

Purified DNA taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

59
Q

Microorganisms that are the permanent residents of the body and are of low-virulence in their usual anatomic site

A

Normal Flora

60
Q

Toxic proteins produced by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

61
Q

Degradative enzymes produced by what organism is capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spill and toxic chemical waste? What do you call this?

A

Pseudomonas Bioremediation

Microbiology (9 decks)

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