Generalities Flashcards
DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site
Replicative transposition
1) No nuclear membrane 2) No Mitotic Division 3) No DNA associated with histones 4) One chromosome number 5) No membrane bound organelles 6) 70s ribosome 7) Peptidoglycan cell wall
Prokaryotes
DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into the new site
Direct transposition
DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids, and bacteriophages.
Transposons
Codes for drug resistant enzymes, toxins or metabolic enzymes and causes mutations in genes into which they insert or alter the expression of nearby genes
Transposons
Appearance of the vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation.
Spongiform encephalopathies
Impervious to standard viral disinfection procedures Very long incubation periods
Prion
Loss of muscle control Shivering Myoclonic jerks and tremors Loss of coordination Rapidly progressive dementia Death
Prions Spongiform encephalities
Smallest bacteria No cell wall No peptidoglycan layer
Mycoplasma sp.
Largest medically important bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)
All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except _____
Mycoplasma
Kills bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan
Lysozyme
What is cleaved by lysozymes in bacteria
Beta 1-4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac
Facilitates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell
Porin proteins
In the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, they act as a channel to allow the entry of essential substances such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, metals, and antimicrobial drugs.
Porin proteins
Thick multilayer peptidoglycan (+) teichoic acids No lipopolysaccharide No periplasmic space
Gram positive cells
Thinner, single layer of peptidoglycan No teichoic acids (+) Lipopolysaccharide (+) Periplasmic space
Gram negative cells
The ONLY gram positive bacteria with endotoxin
Listeria monocytogenes
Enumerate the proper sequence of reagents used in gram staining.
Crystal Violet Iodine Acetone Safranin
Enumerate the proper sequence of procedure in gram staining
Primary stain Mordant Decolorizing agent Counterstain
At the lab, after using a decolorizing agent you found out that you ran out of safranin, you looked into the microscope and saw blue-violet. What bacteria are you dealing with?
Gram positive
At the lab, after using a decolorizing agent you found out that you ran out of safranin, you looked into the microscope and saw unstained bacteria. What bacteria are you dealing with?
Gram negative
Mycobacteriae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?
Acid Fast Stain
Spirochetes can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?
Darkfield microscopy
Mycoplasma spp. can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?
None (Serologies)
Legionella spp. can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?
Silver stain
Chlamydiae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?
Inclusion bodies
Rickettsiae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?
Giemsa/ Tissue stains
What are the bacteria not seen in Gram Stain?
Treponema Rickettsia Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Legionella Chlamydia These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT ______
Bacillus anthracis
Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols Site of oxidative and transport enzymes
Cytoplasmic membrane
RNA and protein in 50S and 30S subunits Protein synthesis
Ribosome
DNA Genetic material
Nucleoid
Invagination of plasma membrane Participates in cell division and secretion
Mesosome
Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases
Periplasm
Polysaccharide that protects against phagocytosis
Capsule
Glycoprotein Attachment, conjugation
Pilus or fimbria
Polysaccharide that mediates adherence to surfaces
Glycocalyx
Protein for motility
Flagellum
Keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid Resistance to heat and chemicals
Spore
DNA Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins
Plasmid
Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates Site of nutrients in cytoplasm
Granule
Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome. Can sometimes be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
Plasmids
Cells are depleted of metabolites Adaptation to new environment Nutrients are incorporated Cells do not divide
Phase 1: Lag Phase
Rapid cell division Beta Lactam antibiotics act during this time Continues until nutrients become exhausted or toxic metabolites accumulate and inhibit growth
Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase
Spores are formed Nutrients are exhausted or Toxic products accumulate causing growth to cease completely
Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase
Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted
Phase 4: Decline or death phase
Enzymes needed to survive in aerobic environments
Superoxide dismutase Peroxidase Catalase
What uses fermentation and can tolerate low amounts of oxygen and uses what enzyme to do so?
Microaerophiles Superoxide dismutase
Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation
Obligate aerobes
Utilizes oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence
Facultative Anaerobes
Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
Examples of Obligate Aerobes
Nocardia Neisseria Pseudomonas Mycobacteria Bordetella/Brucella/B. cereus Legionella Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen
Examples of Anaerobes
ABC of Anaerobes Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium
Movement of a gene from a silent storage site where the gene is not expressed to an active site where transcription and translation occur
Programmed rearrangement
DNA transferred from one bacterium to another
Conjugation
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another
Transduction
Purified DNA taken up by a cell
Transformation
Microorganisms that are the permanent residents of the body and are of low-virulence in their usual anatomic site
Normal Flora
Toxic proteins produced by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria
Bacteriocins
Degradative enzymes produced by what organism is capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spill and toxic chemical waste? What do you call this?
Pseudomonas Bioremediation
