Generalities

Question 0

DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site

Answer 0

Replicative transposition

Question 1

1) No nuclear membrane 2) No Mitotic Division 3) No DNA associated with histones 4) One chromosome number 5) No membrane bound organelles 6) 70s ribosome 7) Peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 1

Prokaryotes

Question 2

DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into the new site

Answer 2

Direct transposition

Question 3

DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids, and bacteriophages.

Answer 3

Transposons

Question 4

Codes for drug resistant enzymes, toxins or metabolic enzymes and causes mutations in genes into which they insert or alter the expression of nearby genes

Answer 4

Transposons

Question 5

Appearance of the vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation.

Answer 5

Spongiform encephalopathies

Question 6

Impervious to standard viral disinfection procedures Very long incubation periods

Answer 6

Prion

Question 7

Loss of muscle control Shivering Myoclonic jerks and tremors Loss of coordination Rapidly progressive dementia Death

Answer 7

Prions Spongiform encephalities

Question 8

Smallest bacteria No cell wall No peptidoglycan layer

Answer 8

Mycoplasma sp.

Question 9

Largest medically important bacteria

Answer 9

Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease)

Question 10

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except _____

Answer 10

Mycoplasma

Question 11

Kills bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan

Answer 11

Lysozyme

Question 12

What is cleaved by lysozymes in bacteria

Answer 12

Beta 1-4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac

Question 13

Facilitates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell

Answer 13

Porin proteins

Question 14

In the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, they act as a channel to allow the entry of essential substances such as sugars, amino acids, vitamins, metals, and antimicrobial drugs.

Answer 14

Porin proteins

Question 15

Thick multilayer peptidoglycan (+) teichoic acids No lipopolysaccharide No periplasmic space

Answer 15

Gram positive cells

Question 16

Thinner, single layer of peptidoglycan No teichoic acids (+) Lipopolysaccharide (+) Periplasmic space

Answer 16

Gram negative cells

Question 17

The ONLY gram positive bacteria with endotoxin

Answer 17

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 18

Enumerate the proper sequence of reagents used in gram staining.

Answer 18

Crystal Violet Iodine Acetone Safranin

Question 19

Enumerate the proper sequence of procedure in gram staining

Answer 19

Primary stain Mordant Decolorizing agent Counterstain

Question 20

At the lab, after using a decolorizing agent you found out that you ran out of safranin, you looked into the microscope and saw blue-violet. What bacteria are you dealing with?

Answer 20

Gram positive

Question 21

At the lab, after using a decolorizing agent you found out that you ran out of safranin, you looked into the microscope and saw unstained bacteria. What bacteria are you dealing with?

Answer 21

Gram negative

Question 22

Mycobacteriae can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

Answer 22

Acid Fast Stain

Question 23

Spirochetes can’t be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

Answer 23

Darkfield microscopy

Question 24

Mycoplasma spp. can't be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

Answer 24

None (Serologies)

Question 25

Legionella spp. can't be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

Answer 25

Silver stain

Question 26

Chlamydiae can't be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

Answer 26

Inclusion bodies

Question 27

Rickettsiae can't be seen using gram stain, what will you use?

Answer 27

Giemsa/ Tissue stains

Question 28

What are the bacteria not seen in Gram Stain?

Answer 28

Treponema Rickettsia Mycobacteria Mycoplasma Legionella Chlamydia These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color

Question 29

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Bacillus anthracis

Question 30

Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols Site of oxidative and transport enzymes

Answer 30

Cytoplasmic membrane

Question 31

RNA and protein in 50S and 30S subunits Protein synthesis

Answer 31

Ribosome

Question 32

DNA Genetic material

Answer 32

Nucleoid

Question 33

Invagination of plasma membrane Participates in cell division and secretion

Answer 33

Mesosome

Question 34

Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases

Answer 34

Periplasm

Question 35

Polysaccharide that protects against phagocytosis

Answer 35

Capsule

Question 36

Glycoprotein Attachment, conjugation

Answer 36

Pilus or fimbria

Question 37

Polysaccharide that mediates adherence to surfaces

Answer 37

Glycocalyx

Question 38

Protein for motility

Answer 38

Flagellum

Question 39

Keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid Resistance to heat and chemicals

Answer 39

Spore

Question 40

DNA Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins

Answer 40

Plasmid

Question 41

Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates Site of nutrients in cytoplasm

Answer 41

Granule

Question 42

Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently of the bacterial chromosome. Can sometimes be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

Answer 42

Plasmids

Question 43

Cells are depleted of metabolites Adaptation to new environment Nutrients are incorporated Cells do not divide

Answer 43

Phase 1: Lag Phase

Question 44

Rapid cell division Beta Lactam antibiotics act during this time Continues until nutrients become exhausted or toxic metabolites accumulate and inhibit growth

Answer 44

Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase

Question 45

Spores are formed Nutrients are exhausted or Toxic products accumulate causing growth to cease completely

Answer 45

Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase

Question 46

Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted

Answer 46

Phase 4: Decline or death phase

Question 47

Enzymes needed to survive in aerobic environments

Answer 47

Superoxide dismutase Peroxidase Catalase

Question 48

What uses fermentation and can tolerate low amounts of oxygen and uses what enzyme to do so?

Answer 48

Microaerophiles Superoxide dismutase

Question 49

Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

Answer 49

Obligate aerobes

Question 50

Utilizes oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence

Answer 50

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 51

Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

Answer 51

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 52

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

Answer 52

Obligate anaerobes

Question 53

Examples of Obligate Aerobes

Answer 53

Nocardia Neisseria Pseudomonas Mycobacteria Bordetella/Brucella/B. cereus Legionella Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen

Question 54

Examples of Anaerobes

Answer 54

ABC of Anaerobes Actinomyces Bacteroides Clostridium

Question 55

Movement of a gene from a silent storage site where the gene is not expressed to an active site where transcription and translation occur

Answer 55

Programmed rearrangement

Question 56

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another

Answer 56

Conjugation

Question 57

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

Answer 57

Transduction

Question 58

Purified DNA taken up by a cell

Answer 58

Transformation

Question 59

Microorganisms that are the permanent residents of the body and are of low-virulence in their usual anatomic site

Answer 59

Normal Flora

Question 60

Toxic proteins produced by certain bacteria that are lethal for other bacteria

Answer 60

Bacteriocins

Question 61

Degradative enzymes produced by what organism is capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spill and toxic chemical waste? What do you call this?

Answer 61

Pseudomonas Bioremediation