Parasitology Flashcards by Tanner Hovland

State the purpose of the modified acid fast stain

For C. parvum and C. hominus/Cyclospora cayetanensis. The Acid Fast stain makes the organism appear bright red, yeast stains green, Kinyoun modified stain combines iron hematoxylin with carbol fuscsin.

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State the purpose of Wright Giemsa and Giemsa Stain

Wright and Giemsa stains are Romanowsky stains used to stain peripheral blood and bone marrow smears. The most important components of these stains are oxidized methylene blue, azure B and eosin Y dyes.

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State the purpose of Trichrome stain

ID of Trophozoites. The cytoplasm of protozoan cysts and trophozoites stains a blue green. Nuclear chromatin, karyosomes, chromatoidal bars and RBCs stain dark red-purple. Back ground debris stains green

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State the purpose of H & E stain

Hematoxylin and eosin stain or haematoxylin and eosin stain is one of the principal tissue stains used in histology

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Enterobius vermicularis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans
Transmission Mode - Eggs are ingested by humans
Adult Host Location - Larvae hatch in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Pinworm

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Trichuris trichiura

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

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Ascaris lumbricoides

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans
Transmission Mode - Eggs are ingested by humans
Adult Host Location - Larvae hatch in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Fertilized or unfertilized egg in feces
Common Name - roundworm

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Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Filariform larva penetrates skin (foot)
Transmission Mode - Step on larva with foot
Adult Host Location - eggs and adults in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Eggs in feces
Common Name - N.A (New World Hookworm). A.D (Old World Hookworm)

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Strongyloides stercoralis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - larvae
Transmission Mode - Penetrates skin, enters lymphatic or blood
Adult Host Location - Migrate to small intestine where they mature
Diagnostic Stage - Same as infective stage. Identify filarform larvae
Common Name - Threadworm, strongyliodiasis

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Trichinella spiralis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Ingestion of undercooked meat
Transmission Mode - Eat undercooked meat
Adult Host Location - Small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Encysted larvae in muscle
Common Name - Pork worm, trichinosis

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Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Mosquites take a blood meal
Transmission Mode - Mosquites deposite parasite in body (culex-bancrofti), (mansonia-malayi)
Adult Host Location - Lymph and blood channels
Diagnostic Stage - Adults produce sheathed microfilariae that go into blood and lymph
Common Name - Bancroftis malaria, malayian malaria

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Loa loa

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Fly takes blood meal
Transmission Mode - Chrysops fly take blood meal
Adult Host Location - cutaneous tissue
Diagnostic Stage - Microfilariae in blood
Common Name - eye worm

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Onchocerca volculus

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Larvae
Transmission Mode - Blackfly(simulium) infects humans with larvae during bloodmeal
Adult Host Location - Subcutaneous tissue
Diagnostic Stage - Subcataneous nodules
Common Name - Blinding filaria, Causes river blindness

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Echinococcus multilocularis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs in feces are ingested
Transmission Mode - Infectious eggs are ingested. Found in fox as well
Adult Host Location - Liver, lungs
Diagnostic Stage - Hydatid cyst in various organs (liver, lungs)
Common Name - Hydatid worm

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Hymenolepis diminuta and nana

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans, rats, or insects
Transmission Mode - humans can ingest eggs
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - embryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Rat tapeworm (diminuta), dwarf tapeworm (nana)

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Taenia sagninata and solium

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Oncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle
Transmission Mode - Humans infected by ingesting undercooked meat
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Eggs or gravid prolottids in feces are passed into environment
Common Name - T.Sag (Beef tapeworm), T.Sol (pork tapeworm)

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Echinococcus granulosus

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans.
Transmission Mode - Humans ingest eggs. Found in dogs and sheep.
Adult Host Location - Liver and Lungs
Diagnostic Stage - Hydatid cyst in liver and lungs
Common Name - Hydatid worm

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Diphllobothrium latum

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - larva
Transmission Mode - Humans eat small fish that are contaminated
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
Common Name - broad fish tapeworm

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Fasciolopsis buski

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Metacercariae on water plant ingested by humans or pigs
Transmission Mode - Ingested by pigs or humans
Adult Host Location - Excyst in duodenum, adults in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Large Intestine Fluke

Fascioloa hepatica

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Metacercariae on vegetation ingested by definitive host (cows)
Transmission Mode - Ingested by host
Adult Host Location - excyst in duodenum, bile ducts (liver)
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
Common Name - common liver fluke

Clonorchis sinensis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Metacercariae in flesh of fresh water fish and ingested by host
Transmission Mode - Ingested by host
Adult Host Location - Excyst in duodenum, adult in biliary duct
Diagnostic Stage - Embryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Liver fluke

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagoniums yokagawai

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common name

Infective stage - Host becomes infected by eating undercooked fish that contain metacercariae
Transmission Mode - eating undercooked fish
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Embryonated eggs in feces
Common name - heterophids, praziquantel

Paragonimus westermani

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Human ingest inadequately cooked crustaceans containing metacercariae
Transmission Mode - Ingesting infectious crustaceans
Adult Host Location - Excyst in duodenum, adults in cystic cavities in lungs, which are excreted and then swallowed
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - oriental lung fluke

Schistosoma mansoni, japonicum, haematobium

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name

Infective stage - Free swimming cercariae penetrate skin
Transmission Mode - Penetrate skin and then shed tails
Adult Host Location - In bowel or rectum, bladder
Diagnostic Stage - eggs in feces (mansoni) or urine (haematobium) or both (japonicum)
Common Name - Mansons Blood Fluke (mansoni), blood fluke (japonicum), Bladder fluke (haematobium)

Entamoeba histolytica ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - ingested cysts Transmission Mode - ingestion Adult Host Location - small and large intestine Diagnostic Stage - Identify mature cysts in feces Common Name - ameba

Entamoeba hartmanni and coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

``` Infective stage - Ingesting of cysts, or cysts passed in feces. Transmission Mode - Ingestion Adult Host Location - Large intestine Diagnostic Stage - Cyst stage in feces Common Name - parasite ```

Giardia lamblia ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - Ingestion of contaminated water, food, fomites, with cysts Transmission Mode - Ingestion Adult Host Location - Small Intestine Diagnostic Stage - Looks like sad old man face, cysts in feces Common Name - travelers diarrhea, giardiasis

Dientamoeba fragilis ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

``` Infective stage - direct fecal oral transmission, or hypothetical transmission via helminth eggs. Transmission Mode - hand to mouth Adult Host Location - Large intestine Diagnostic Stage - Trophozoites in feces Common Name - dientamoeba ```

Trichomonas vaginalis ``` Infective stage - Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - sexual intercoarse, person to person Transmission Mode - sexual intercoarse Adult Host Location - vagina or prostate Diagnostic Stage - trophozoites in vagina and prostate secreation Common Name - Trich

Trypanosoma rhodesiense, brucei gambinse, cruzi, ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - tsetse fly takes blood meal Transmission Mode - fly takes blood meal, cattle (brucei), cruzi Adult Host Location - blood stream Diagnostic Stage - trypomastigotes in blood stream Common Name - West African Sleeping sickness (brucei), East African Sleeping Sickness (rhodesinse), Chagas disease (cruzi)

Balantidium coli ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

``` Infective stage - cyst Transmission Mode - ingestion Adult Host Location - trophozoites in large intestine Diagnostic Stage - cysts shed in feces Common Name - ciliate, balantidiasis ```

Leishmania tropica complex, mexicana ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - sand fly takes blood meal Transmission Mode - Phlebotomus fly(tropica), Lutzomia fly(mexicana) Adult Host Location - blood stream, macrophages Diagnostic Stage - amastigotes multiply in cells of various tissues Common Name - Leishmaniasis, Old world(tropica)

Plasmodium falciparum, malariae, ovale ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - Mosquito takes blood meal and injects oocysts Transmission Mode - mosquito bite Adult Host Location - bloodstream, RBCs Diagnostic Stage - Identify trophozoites, schizot, or gametocytes in blood Common Name - falciparum (malignant tertian malaria), malariae (quartan malaria), ovale (ovale malaria)

Babesia spp ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - Ixodes tick takes blood meal and injects sporozoites Transmission Mode - Tick bites mouse or humans and sporozoites mature Adult Host Location - Bloodstream Diagnostic Stage - RBCs, maltese cross Common Name - Tick Fever

Toxoplasma gondii ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - eating contaminated undercooked meat, blood transfusion, birds and rodents eat infected soil Transmission Mode - humans ingest cysts Adult Host Location - skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes Diagnostic Stage - tissue cysts may be observed as well as amniotic fluid Common Name - toxoplasmosis

Sarcocystis spp ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

``` Infective stage - oocyst Transmission Mode - eat undercooked cattle or pig Adult Host Location - muscle Diagnostic Stage - sarcocyst in muscle Common Name - sarcocystosis ```

Isospora belli ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - Ingest mature oocysts with sporozoites Transmission Mode - the sporocysts excyst in the small intestine and release their sporozoites, which invade the epithelial cells Adult Host Location - small intestine Diagnostic Stage - oocysts in feces Common Name - cystoisosporiasis

Cryptosporidium spp ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - thick walled oocysts ingested by host from water Transmission Mode - organism reproduces in epithelial cells Adult Host Location - gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract Diagnostic Stage - Thick walled oocyst in feces, jejunum biopsy Common Name - Cryptosporidiosis, pink stained round structure on modified acid fast stain

Cyclosporam caetanensis ``` Infective stage Transmission Mode Adult Host Location Diagnostic Stage Common Name ```

Infective stage - oocysts Transmission Mode - ingestion of contaminated food/water Adult Host Location - epithelial cells in small intestine Diagnostic Stage - excretion of unsporulated oocysts in feces Common Name - cyclosporiasis

``` What diseases are spread by the following arthropods? Amblyomma americanum Ixodes scapularis Sarcoptes scabiei-itch mite Culex tarsalis mosquito Adedes species mosquite ```

Amblyomma americanum - STARI, Lyme Disease Ixodes scapularis - Lyme Disease, human babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, encephalitis Sarcoptes scabiei-itch mite - scabies Culex tarsalis mosquito - West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis Adedes species mosquite - Zika fever,

``` Common names for the following organisms Pediculus humanus humanus Pediculus humanus capitis Phtirus pubis Scracoptes scabiei ```

Pediculus humanus humanus - body louse(lice) Pediculus humanus capitis - head louse(lice) Phtirus pubis - crabs, pubic lice Scracoptes scabiei - scabies

What lab test is used to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?

“Scotch tape” test, where a clear adhesive cellulose tape is applied to the anal area early in the morning before bathing or defecation

What lab tests can be used to differentiate Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovkii?

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested-PCR) targeting 16S-like ribosomal RNA gene

Define eukaryotic, nonpathogenic, pathogenic parasite.

Eukaryotic - fall into one of two categories; either protozoa or helminthes Nonpathogenic - Do not cause disease Pathogenic - Cause disease

State the purpose of Iron hematoxylin stain

used for the preparation of permanent stained slide for the detection and quantification of intestinal amoebae and protozoa

Anopheles species cause what disease?

Malaria