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Microbiology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the purpose of the modified acid fast stain

A

For C. parvum and C. hominus/Cyclospora cayetanensis. The Acid Fast stain makes the organism appear bright red, yeast stains green, Kinyoun modified stain combines iron hematoxylin with carbol fuscsin.

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2
Q

State the purpose of Wright Giemsa and Giemsa Stain

A

Wright and Giemsa stains are Romanowsky stains used to stain peripheral blood and bone marrow smears. The most important components of these stains are oxidized methylene blue, azure B and eosin Y dyes.

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3
Q

State the purpose of Trichrome stain

A

ID of Trophozoites. The cytoplasm of protozoan cysts and trophozoites stains a blue green. Nuclear chromatin, karyosomes, chromatoidal bars and RBCs stain dark red-purple. Back ground debris stains green

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4
Q

State the purpose of H & E stain

A

Hematoxylin and eosin stain or haematoxylin and eosin stain is one of the principal tissue stains used in histology

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5
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans
Transmission Mode - Eggs are ingested by humans
Adult Host Location - Larvae hatch in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Pinworm

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6
Q

Trichuris trichiura

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans
Transmission Mode - Eggs are ingested by humans
Adult Host Location - Larvae hatch in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Roundworm, whipworm

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7
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans
Transmission Mode - Eggs are ingested by humans
Adult Host Location - Larvae hatch in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Fertilized or unfertilized egg in feces
Common Name - roundworm

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8
Q

Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Filariform larva penetrates skin (foot)
Transmission Mode - Step on larva with foot
Adult Host Location - eggs and adults in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Eggs in feces
Common Name - N.A (New World Hookworm). A.D (Old World Hookworm)

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9
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - larvae
Transmission Mode - Penetrates skin, enters lymphatic or blood
Adult Host Location - Migrate to small intestine where they mature
Diagnostic Stage - Same as infective stage. Identify filarform larvae
Common Name - Threadworm, strongyliodiasis

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10
Q

Trichinella spiralis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Ingestion of undercooked meat
Transmission Mode - Eat undercooked meat
Adult Host Location - Small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Encysted larvae in muscle
Common Name - Pork worm, trichinosis

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11
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Mosquites take a blood meal
Transmission Mode - Mosquites deposite parasite in body (culex-bancrofti), (mansonia-malayi)
Adult Host Location - Lymph and blood channels
Diagnostic Stage - Adults produce sheathed microfilariae that go into blood and lymph
Common Name - Bancroftis malaria, malayian malaria

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12
Q

Loa loa

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Fly takes blood meal
Transmission Mode - Chrysops fly take blood meal
Adult Host Location - cutaneous tissue
Diagnostic Stage - Microfilariae in blood
Common Name - eye worm

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13
Q

Onchocerca volculus

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Larvae
Transmission Mode - Blackfly(simulium) infects humans with larvae during bloodmeal
Adult Host Location - Subcutaneous tissue
Diagnostic Stage - Subcataneous nodules
Common Name - Blinding filaria, Causes river blindness

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14
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs in feces are ingested
Transmission Mode - Infectious eggs are ingested. Found in fox as well
Adult Host Location - Liver, lungs
Diagnostic Stage - Hydatid cyst in various organs (liver, lungs)
Common Name - Hydatid worm

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15
Q

Hymenolepis diminuta and nana

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans, rats, or insects
Transmission Mode - humans can ingest eggs
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - embryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Rat tapeworm (diminuta), dwarf tapeworm (nana)

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16
Q

Taenia sagninata and solium

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Oncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle
Transmission Mode - Humans infected by ingesting undercooked meat
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Eggs or gravid prolottids in feces are passed into environment
Common Name - T.Sag (Beef tapeworm), T.Sol (pork tapeworm)

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17
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Embryonated eggs ingested by humans.
Transmission Mode - Humans ingest eggs. Found in dogs and sheep.
Adult Host Location - Liver and Lungs
Diagnostic Stage - Hydatid cyst in liver and lungs
Common Name - Hydatid worm

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18
Q

Diphllobothrium latum

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - larva
Transmission Mode - Humans eat small fish that are contaminated
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
Common Name - broad fish tapeworm

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19
Q

Fasciolopsis buski

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Metacercariae on water plant ingested by humans or pigs
Transmission Mode - Ingested by pigs or humans
Adult Host Location - Excyst in duodenum, adults in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Large Intestine Fluke

20
Q

Fascioloa hepatica

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Metacercariae on vegetation ingested by definitive host (cows)
Transmission Mode - Ingested by host
Adult Host Location - excyst in duodenum, bile ducts (liver)
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs passed in feces
Common Name - common liver fluke

21
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Metacercariae in flesh of fresh water fish and ingested by host
Transmission Mode - Ingested by host
Adult Host Location - Excyst in duodenum, adult in biliary duct
Diagnostic Stage - Embryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - Liver fluke

22
Q

Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagoniums yokagawai

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common name
A

Infective stage - Host becomes infected by eating undercooked fish that contain metacercariae
Transmission Mode - eating undercooked fish
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Embryonated eggs in feces
Common name - heterophids, praziquantel

23
Q

Paragonimus westermani

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Human ingest inadequately cooked crustaceans containing metacercariae
Transmission Mode - Ingesting infectious crustaceans
Adult Host Location - Excyst in duodenum, adults in cystic cavities in lungs, which are excreted and then swallowed
Diagnostic Stage - Unembryonated eggs in feces
Common Name - oriental lung fluke

24
Q

Schistosoma mansoni, japonicum, haematobium

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Free swimming cercariae penetrate skin
Transmission Mode - Penetrate skin and then shed tails
Adult Host Location - In bowel or rectum, bladder
Diagnostic Stage - eggs in feces (mansoni) or urine (haematobium) or both (japonicum)
Common Name - Mansons Blood Fluke (mansoni), blood fluke (japonicum), Bladder fluke (haematobium)

25
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - ingested cysts
Transmission Mode - ingestion
Adult Host Location - small and large intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Identify mature cysts in feces
Common Name - ameba

26
Q

Entamoeba hartmanni and coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba butschlii

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A 
Infective stage - Ingesting of cysts, or cysts passed in feces. 
Transmission Mode - Ingestion
Adult Host Location - Large intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Cyst stage in feces
Common Name - parasite
27
Q

Giardia lamblia

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Ingestion of contaminated water, food, fomites, with cysts
Transmission Mode - Ingestion
Adult Host Location - Small Intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Looks like sad old man face, cysts in feces
Common Name - travelers diarrhea, giardiasis

28
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A 
Infective stage - direct fecal oral transmission, or hypothetical transmission via helminth eggs. 
Transmission Mode - hand to mouth
Adult Host Location - Large intestine
Diagnostic Stage - Trophozoites in feces
Common Name - dientamoeba
29
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Infective stage - 
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - sexual intercoarse, person to person
Transmission Mode - sexual intercoarse
Adult Host Location - vagina or prostate
Diagnostic Stage - trophozoites in vagina and prostate secreation
Common Name - Trich

30
Q

Trypanosoma rhodesiense, brucei gambinse, cruzi,

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - tsetse fly takes blood meal
Transmission Mode - fly takes blood meal, cattle (brucei), cruzi
Adult Host Location - blood stream
Diagnostic Stage - trypomastigotes in blood stream
Common Name - West African Sleeping sickness (brucei), East African Sleeping Sickness (rhodesinse), Chagas disease (cruzi)

31
Q

Balantidium coli

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A 
Infective stage - cyst 
Transmission Mode - ingestion
Adult Host Location - trophozoites in large intestine
Diagnostic Stage - cysts shed in feces
Common Name - ciliate, balantidiasis
32
Q

Leishmania tropica complex, mexicana

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - sand fly takes blood meal
Transmission Mode - Phlebotomus fly(tropica), Lutzomia fly(mexicana)
Adult Host Location - blood stream, macrophages
Diagnostic Stage - amastigotes multiply in cells of various tissues
Common Name - Leishmaniasis, Old world(tropica)

33
Q

Plasmodium falciparum, malariae, ovale

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Mosquito takes blood meal and injects oocysts
Transmission Mode - mosquito bite
Adult Host Location - bloodstream, RBCs
Diagnostic Stage - Identify trophozoites, schizot, or gametocytes in blood
Common Name - falciparum (malignant tertian malaria), malariae (quartan malaria), ovale (ovale malaria)

34
Q

Babesia spp

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Ixodes tick takes blood meal and injects sporozoites
Transmission Mode - Tick bites mouse or humans and sporozoites mature
Adult Host Location - Bloodstream
Diagnostic Stage - RBCs, maltese cross
Common Name - Tick Fever

35
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - eating contaminated undercooked meat, blood transfusion, birds and rodents eat infected soil
Transmission Mode - humans ingest cysts
Adult Host Location - skeletal muscle, myocardium, brain, and eyes
Diagnostic Stage - tissue cysts may be observed as well as amniotic fluid
Common Name - toxoplasmosis

36
Q

Sarcocystis spp

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A 
Infective stage - oocyst
Transmission Mode - eat undercooked cattle or pig
Adult Host Location - muscle
Diagnostic Stage - sarcocyst in muscle
Common Name - sarcocystosis
37
Q

Isospora belli

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - Ingest mature oocysts with sporozoites
Transmission Mode - the sporocysts excyst in the small intestine and release their sporozoites, which invade the epithelial cells
Adult Host Location - small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - oocysts in feces
Common Name - cystoisosporiasis

38
Q

Cryptosporidium spp

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - thick walled oocysts ingested by host from water
Transmission Mode - organism reproduces in epithelial cells
Adult Host Location - gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract
Diagnostic Stage - Thick walled oocyst in feces, jejunum biopsy
Common Name - Cryptosporidiosis, pink stained round structure on modified acid fast stain

39
Q

Cyclosporam caetanensis

Infective stage
Transmission Mode
Adult Host Location
Diagnostic Stage
Common Name
A

Infective stage - oocysts
Transmission Mode - ingestion of contaminated food/water
Adult Host Location - epithelial cells in small intestine
Diagnostic Stage - excretion of unsporulated oocysts in feces
Common Name - cyclosporiasis

40
Q 
What diseases are spread by the following arthropods?
Amblyomma americanum
Ixodes scapularis
Sarcoptes scabiei-itch mite
Culex tarsalis mosquito
Adedes species mosquite
A

Amblyomma americanum - STARI, Lyme Disease

Ixodes scapularis - Lyme Disease, human babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, encephalitis

Sarcoptes scabiei-itch mite - scabies

Culex tarsalis mosquito - West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis

Adedes species mosquite - Zika fever,

41
Q 
Common names for the following organisms
Pediculus humanus humanus
Pediculus humanus capitis
Phtirus pubis
Scracoptes scabiei
A

Pediculus humanus humanus - body louse(lice)

Pediculus humanus capitis - head louse(lice)

Phtirus pubis - crabs, pubic lice

Scracoptes scabiei - scabies

42
Q

What lab test is used to diagnose Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?

A

“Scotch tape” test, where a clear adhesive cellulose tape is applied to the anal area early in the morning before bathing or defecation

43
Q

What lab tests can be used to differentiate Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovkii?

A

Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested-PCR) targeting 16S-like ribosomal RNA gene

44
Q

Define eukaryotic, nonpathogenic, pathogenic parasite.

A

Eukaryotic - fall into one of two categories; either protozoa or helminthes

Nonpathogenic - Do not cause disease

Pathogenic - Cause disease

45
Q

State the purpose of Iron hematoxylin stain

A

used for the preparation of permanent stained slide for the detection and quantification of intestinal amoebae and protozoa

46
Q

Anopheles species cause what disease?

A

Malaria

Microbiology (14 decks)

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