Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

Name a dematiaceous organism that causes dermatophytosis?

A

Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton spp.

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2
Q

Which fungal organism, categorized as a dermatophyte, is the most common cause of athletes foot.

A

Trichophyton rubrum

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3
Q

Explain the hair perforation test and compare and contrast endothrix and exothrix hair infections

A

Prepubital hair is cut into 1cm pieces and placed in 25ml of sterile water and incubated for up to four weeks. After incubation the hair is interpreted with lactophenol cotton blue. If the fungal organism has the ability to penetrate the hair shaft it is considered an endothrix infection whereas an exothrix infection is only seen on the surface of the hair shaft. Trichophyton mentagrophytes is positive and Trichophyton rubric is negative.

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4
Q

How is the urease test performed on fungal cultures and which Trichophyton species is typically negative for this test?

A

The urease test is performed exactly the same as when it is performed for bacteria cultures. Trichophyton rubric is the only species that is urease negative.

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5
Q

Discuss the characteristics of a fungal organism.

A

Fungal organisms are all considered heterotrophs and obtain all of their nutrients by absorption through their surrounding environments. Their cells walls are made up of mostly the carbohydrate chitin. All are eukaryotic cells.

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6
Q

Explain how rice grain agar is utilized and what organisms are differentiated by its use.

A

Rice used to differentiate between Microsporum canis and Micosporum audouinii. Micosporum audouinii grows poorly or not at all where the organism was inoculated and will turn brown. Whereas Microsporum canis will show good growth and the rice will turn yellow from the pigment produced by the organism.

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7
Q

Compare and contrast dematiaceous and hyaline.

A

Organisms that are considered hyaline do not produce a pigment and are without color these organisms appear blue because of lactophenol cotton blue stain used. Macroscopically these organisms typically have a light colony. Organisms that are dematiaceous have the ability to produce the pigment melanin, which is a dark brown to black pigment, and colonies appear dark green to black.

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8
Q
List the pathogenicity of the fungal organisms that are considered superficial.
Hortaea wernekii
Malassezia furufur
Piedraia hortae
Trichosporon spp
A

Hortaea werneckii - tinea nigra. Hyphomycete, two-celled yeast-like cells

Malassezia furfur - pityriasis vericolor folliculitis, catheter-associated sepsis, dandruff. Bowling pin or bottle pop key feature

Piedraia hortae - black peidra. highly septate dematiaceous hyphae, swollen intercalary cells

Trichosporon spp. - White peidra-disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients with neutropenia

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9
Q

Define the descriptors used for colony morphology of fungus and fungus like bacteria.

Cottony

Velvety

Granular/powdery

Glabrous

Flat

Rugose

Umbonate

Verrucose

A

Cottony - high aerial hyphae or loose and course texture

Velvety - low aerial hyphae

Granular/powdery - looks like grains of sand or powdered sugar

Glabrous - very smooth or waxy

Flat - having no topography

Rugose - hilly, veins radiate out from center

Umbonate - circular depression or elevation in the center

Verrucose - wrinkled, veins go in any direction throughout colony

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10
Q

Identify the structures found in the cell wall of fungal organisms.

A
  • Mannoproteins
  • Beta-(1,6)-glucan
  • Beta-(1,3)-glucan
  • Chitin
  • Phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane (of interlinked Ergosterol)
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11
Q

List the diseases associated with subcutaneous mycosis and the common characteristics seen on the tissue biopsy. Identify the leading cause of chromoblastomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, mycetomas, and sporotrichosis.

A

Chromoblastomycosis - Sclerotic bodies are seen in the tissue and the leading cause is Fonsecaea pedrosoi

Phaeohyphomycosis - Mycelium are seen in the tissue and the leading cause is Cladophialophoria bantianai

Mycetoma - Granules are seen in the tissue and the leading cause of white grain mycetoma is Acremonium

Sporotrichosis is not noted with a characteristic structure seen in tissue the leading cause of sporotrichosis is Sporothrix schenckii

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12
Q

List other terms used to describe chromoblastomycosis.

A

Verrous dermatitidies, Sclerotic bodies, Cauliflower lesion

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13
Q

Describe the mode of action of intraconazole and how the antifungal agent is administered.

A

The mode of actions is 14-alpha demethylase and it can be administered orally or intravenously, belongs to the Triazole group.

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14
Q

Compare and contrast the stain methods used to identify fungal organisms.

A

Lactophenol cotton blue is used as both a mounting fluid and a stain. The lactic acid acts as a clearing agent and a preservative for the organism, the phenol is a killing agent, and the cotton blue (aniline blue). Most fungal organisms appear dark blue when using the gram stain method.

Acid-Fast stain is used to differentiate eumycotic organisms. India ink is used for the identification of the capsule produced by Cryptococcus neoformans. Calcoflour white is a fluorescent stain the is absorbed by the chitin found in the cell wall of the fungal organism.

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15
Q

Compare and contrast the eumycotic mycetoma and actinomycotic mycetoma.

A

Actinomycotic mycetoma are caused by bacterial organisms where as eumycotic mycetoma are caused by fungal organisms. The organisms most frequently associated with actinomycotic mycetoma are Actinomadura, Nocardia, and Streptomyces. Organisms most often associated with eumycotic infections are Pseudallescheria boydii, Rhinocladiella, Madurella, .

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16
Q

Define aspergillosis and identify the organisms responsible for causing the disease and what is the most effective treatment used.

A

Aspergillosis is a very rare fungal disease. ABPA is most often seen in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis Charcot-Leyden crystals may be present. Invasive aspergillosis damages body tissue in patients who are immunocompromised “fungus balls” are often seen in these infections. The most effective treatment for aspergillosis is Voriconazole.

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17
Q

Describe the clinical significance and microscopic characteristics of Aspergillus flavus.

A

Causes Aspergillus ear and Kernel rot.

Conidial heads in shades of yellow-green to brown and dark sclerotia

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18
Q

List the general characteristics of the zygomycetes and the patient populations most often infected with organisms found in this group.

A

Extremely fast growing, woolly, and gray to brown. Large ribbon like hypae that contain occasional septa. Affect diabetes patients and patients on prolonged antibiotics

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19
Q

Compare and contrast the tease mount method and the cellophane tape method for microscopic examination

A

Tease mount - remove a small portion of growth and place the growth in the drop Lactophenol Blue on the slide. Gently tease the fungus apart so that it is thinly spread out in the Lactophenol.

Cellophane tape method - Cut a piece of clear tape and press the adhesive side of the tape onto the surface of the colony and pull it away.

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20
Q

Explain the media used in fungal cultures.

Sabourauds

A

Sabourauds - Type of agar growth medium containing peptones. It is used to cultivate dermatophytes.

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21
Q

Discuss the caffic acid test and the significance of positive results.

A

Detect the ability of an organism to produce the enzyme phenyloxidase, which is useful for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans

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22
Q

Describe the term dimorphic

A

Exist in the form of both mold and yeast. This is usually brought about by change in temperature.

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23
Q

Discuss the five dimorphic organisms or systemic fungal agents that are most often pathogenic to humans. Included in your discussion should be what the organisms look like both macroscopically and microscopically at both 25°C(room temp) and 37 °C(body temp).

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Blastomyces is found in a filamentous mold form at 25C. At 37C it grows in a discrete yeast form.

This organism is the etiologic agent of blastomycosis.

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24
Q

Discuss the five dimorphic organisms or systemic fungal agents that are most often pathogenic to humans. Included in your discussion should be what the organisms look like both macroscopically and microscopically at both 25°C(room temp) and 37 °C(body temp).

Coccidioides species

A

25C - Hyphae and arthroconidia are produced. Hyphae are hyaline, septate and thin. Racquet hyphae may occasionally be observed.

37C - Large, round, thick-walled spherules filled with endospores are observed.

Causes coccidioidomycosis

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25
Discuss the five dimorphic organisms or systemic fungal agents that are most often pathogenic to humans. Included in your discussion should be what the organisms look like both macroscopically and microscopically at both 25°C(room temp) and 37 °C(body temp). Histoplasma capsulatum
Yeast form at 25C Mold form at 37C Hyphae are small and ropelike Causes histoplasmosis
26
Discuss the five dimorphic organisms or systemic fungal agents that are most often pathogenic to humans. Included in your discussion should be what the organisms look like both macroscopically and microscopically at both 25°C(room temp) and 37 °C(body temp). Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (South American blastomycosis)
Numerous chlamydoconidia and yeast cells Causes paracoccidioidomycosis Seen in Central America
27
Discuss the five dimorphic organisms or systemic fungal agents that are most often pathogenic to humans. Included in your discussion should be what the organisms look like both macroscopically and microscopically at both 25°C(room temp) and 37 °C(body temp). Penicillium marneffei
Blue green-yellowish colonies at 25C. Yeast like oval cells with septa are seen at 37C Associated with bamboo rats
28
Mycosel agar
Primary recovery of dermatophytes
29
Urease test for Candida spp.
Cryptococcus will produce urease, C. albicans will not.
30
CHROMagar for Candida spp.
Candida albicans - light to medium green colonies. Candida krusei - light rose to pink Candida tropicalis - gray blue to blue-greenish
31
Assimilation
An agar that is made up and inoculated with a yeast and a carbohydrate. It is then incubates anywhere from 1-3 days, or ever up to 24 days to allow the identification
32
Immunochromatographic membrane test -
Cellulose-based devices intended to detect the presence of a target analyte in liquid sample.
33
Life cycle of Pneumocystis jirovecii
the cyst (also known as the spore case or ascus), the precystic form and the trophic form stages
34
Potato Dextrose Agar
potato dextrose broth are common microbiological growth media made from potato infusion, and dextrose
35
Inhibitory Mould Agar
An enriched medium containing chloramphenicol or gentamicin to prevent the growth of bacteria.
36
Brain Heart Infusion Agar
The addition of defibrinated sheep blood and antimicrobics produces a selective medium used for the isolation of pathogenic fungi
37
Cornmeal Agar
Medium provides carbon, nitrogen, and vitamins required for organism growth, while agar is the solidifying agent of the medium
38
KOH method
KOH digests mucous and keratin, clearing the background and making fungal elements more visible
39
Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain
Selective precipitation of silver onto the microorganism. Fungi turn a brown-black color
40
Germ tube test
Fungal spores are suspended in animal serum and examined by microscopy
41
Olive oil disk test
growth will only occur where there is olive oil
42
Pneumocystis jirovecii disease
Pneumocystis pneumonia.
43
Cryptococcosis disease
Fever, Malaise, Pleuritic chest pain, Cough, Hemoptysis, Vision changes.
44
Candida albicans disease
Oropharyngeal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and invasive candidiasis Germ tube test
45
Candida glabrata disease
Mucosal candidiasis, vaginitis
46
Candida tropicalis disease
Common pathogen in neutropenic hosts
47
Candida krusei disease
Candidaemia and invasive candidiasis
48
Candida parapsilosis disease
Sepsis of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people.
49
Candida dubliniensis disease
Oral cavities of HIV individuals
50
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa identification
Pink or coral red colonies
51
Aureobasidium disease and identification
can cause "humidifer lung" Pink colonies
52
Cladosporium disease
Infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs.
53
Fonsecaea disease
Chromoblastomycosis, septic arthritis
54
Pithomyces disease and identification
Facial eczema in some animals
55
Asperfillus fumigatus disease
Invasive infection in the lung and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality
56
Beauveria disease
Parasite on various arthropod species
57
Chrysosporium disease
Skin infections or onychomycosis in humans
58
Fusarium disease
Mycotic keratitis Sickle-shaped macroconidia
59
Geotrichum disease
Endobronchial infection
60
Paecilomyces disease
Oculomycosis
61
Penicillium disease
Talaromycosis
62
Scedosporium disease
Invasive tissue disease and mycetoma
63
Scopulariopsis disease
Chronic granulomatous disease
64
Trichoderma disease
Plant diseases
65
Syncephalastrum disease
Rare cause of human zygomycosis
66
Rhizopus disease
Rhinocerebral infection, pulmonary infection, zygomycosis Rhizoids are produces at base of sporangiophore
67
Rhizomucor disease
Pulmonary, disseminated and cutaneous types of infection.
68
Mucor disease
Zygomycosis
69
Cunninghamella disease
Zygomycosis
70
Lichtheimia disease
Zygomycosis
71
Microsporum spp diseases
Hair and skin only, cotton like pigment, spindle shaped. | Causes scalp diseases
72
Epidermophyton floccosum diseases
jock itch (tinea cruris), athletes foot
73
Trichophyton rubrum diseases
athletes foot (tinea pedis)
74
Trichophyton mentagrophytes disease
Infection of beard (tinea barbae)
75
Trichophyton tonsurans disease
Infection of the scalp (tinea capitis)
76
Trichophyton verrucosum disease
Infection of the scalp (tinea capitis)
77
Trichophyton schoenleinii disease
Trichophytosis and Tinea favosa of the scalp
78
Cladophialophora carrionii disease
Chromoblastomycosis
79
Fonsecaea pedrosoi disease
Chromoblastomycosis
80
Fonsecaea compacta disease
Chromoblastomycosis
81
Acremonium disease
Mycetoma
82
Madurella mycetomatis disease
Mycetoma
83
Madurella grisea disease
"black grain" Mycetoma
84
Pseudallescheria boydii disease
Mycetoma, phaeohphomycosis
85
Nocardia disease
Mycetoma, lymphocutaneous infections, skin abscesses
86
Streptomyces disease
Actinomycetoma
87
Actinomadura disease
Actinomycetoma, peritonitis
88
Alternaria disease
Phaeohyphomycosis, sinusitis
89
Bipolaris disease
Phaeohyphomycosis, fungun-ball
90
Cladophialophora bantiana disease
Phaeohyphomycosis Produces phialides
91
Curvularia disease
Sinusitis, phaeohyphomycosis
92
Exophiala disease
Saxophone lung
93
Exophiala dermatitidis disease
Phaeohyphomycosis, pneumonia
94
Sporothrix schenckii disease
Sporothrichosis (rose gardeners disease)
95
Blastomyces dermatitidis disease
Blastomycosis
96
Coccidioides immitis disease
Coccidioidomycosis
97
Histoplasma capsulatum disease
Histoplasmosis
98
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis disease
Paracoccidioidomycosis
99
Penicillium marneffei disease
Focal cutaneous infection, granulomatous