Parasitology Flashcards
Name Roundworms
Nematodes
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Hookworms
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Necator americanus
- Rx.- Bandazoles
Loa Loa
- Rx.- Diethylcarbamazine
Trichinella Spiralis
- Bendazoles
Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness)
- Ivermectin
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Rx.- DEC
Toxocara canis (Dog worm)
- Rx.- DEC
Ascariasis Lumbricoides
- Bendazoles
Nane the Tapeworms ??
CESTODES
Echinococcus granulosus
- Rx.- Bendazoles
Taenia Solium
- Rx.- Bendazoles
Name the Fluke worms ??
TREMATODES
S Haematobium
- Affects Bladder
- Rx.- Praziquantel
Paragonimus Westermani
- Rx.- Praziquantal
Clonorchis sinensis
- Rx.- Praziquantel
Fasciola Hepatica (Liver Flike)
- Rx.- Triclabendazole
Protozoans causing GI Infections ??
GIARDIA Lamblia
- Bloating, Flatulence, Foul-smelling, Non-Bloody, Fatty diarrhoea
- Campers or Hikers
- Transmission: Cysts in H2O
Dx.- Multinucleated triphozoites or Cysts in stool
- PCR (Antigen detection)
Rx.- Tinidazole, Nitazoxanide or Metronidazole
ENTAMOEBA Hystolytica
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
Hallmark of E Histolytica ??
Amebiasis
- Bloody diarrhoea
- Liver abscess (Anchovy paste exudate), RUQ pain
- Colon Biopsy histology: Flask shaped ulcers
Transmission: Cysts in H2O
Dx.- Serology, Antigen testing, PCR
- Trophozoites (with engulfed RBCs in cytoplasm) or Cysts upto 4 nuclei in stools
Rx.- Metronidazole
- Asymptomatic cyst passes: Paramomycin
Protozoa causing CNS infection ??
Toxoplasma Gondii
Naegleria Fowleri
- Rapidly fatal Meningoencephalitis
- Routs: Swimming in fresh water, Enters CNS through CN-1 via Cribriform plate
Dx.- Amoebas in CSF
Rx.- Amphotericin B
TRYPANOSOMA Brucei
Hallmarks of Cryptosporidium ??
Severe diarrhoea in AIDS
Mild disease (H2O diarrhoea) in Immunocompetent hosts
- Transmission: Oocysts in H2O
Dx.- Oocysts on AFB, Antigen detection, PCR
Rx.- Self-limiting
- Severe disease/ Immunocompromised: Nitazoxanide
Hallmark of T Gondii ??
Immunocompetent: Mononucleosis- like Symptoms
- (-)ve Heterophile antibody test
Reactivation in AIDS => Brain lesions
- MRI: Multiple ring enhancing lesions
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
- Chorioretinitis=Hydrocephalus=
Intracranial Clacifications
Route: Cysts in meat (MC), Oocysts in cat feces => crosses placenta (avoid cats in pregnancy)
Dx.- Serology, Biopsy (Tachyzoits), PCR of amniotic fluid (Intrauterine)
Rx.- Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethanamine
Prophylaxix: TMP-SMX if CD4+ <100
Hallmark of Trypanosoma Brucei ??
African Sleeping Sickness
- Enlarged LNs, Recurrent Fever
- Reversal of Sleep cycle
- Coma
Route: Tsetse fly, PAINFUL Bite
Dx.- Trypomastigote in Blood smear
Rx.- Blood-borne disease: SURAMIN
- CNS penetration: MELARSOPROL
Protozoan Haemolytic Infection ??
Plasmodium
BABESIA (Babesiosis)
- Fever + Haemolytic anaemia
- Northeastern & North Central US
- Asplenia=> Increases risk of Severe disease (can’t clear infected RBCs)
Route: Ixodes ticks
Dx.- Ring form, ‘Maltese Cross’, PCR
Rx- Atovaquone + Azithromycin
Hallmarks of Plasmodium ??
Cyclic Fevers, Headache, Anaemia, Splenomegaly, Hypoglycemia
Route: Anopheles mosquito
Dx.- Thin smear (For Specition)
- Thick smear: For load
Features of
- P Malariae ??
- P Vivax or P Ovale ??
- P Falciparum ??
72 hr Fever cycle (Quartan)
Dx- Trophozoite ring within RBC
48 hr Fever Cycle (Tertian)
- Dormant Hypnozoite form in Liver
Dx.- Trophozoites & SCHUFFNER Stippling (small red granules) within RBCs cytoplasm
PRIMAQUINE for Hypnozoites
Severe, Irregular fever pattern; Parasitized RBCs may occlude capillaries in Brain (Cerebral M), Kidney, Lungs
Dx- Trophozoite ring (Headphone shaped) within RBC, Crescent shaped gametocytes
Diseases transmitted by Ixodes Tick ??
Babesia
Borrelia burgdorferi
Anaplasma spp.
Name the other Protozoal infections ??
Visceral Infection
- Trypanosoma Cruzi
- Leishmania spp.
STI
- Trichomonas vaginalis
Hallmarks of T Cruzi ??
Chagas Disease (MC in S America)
- DCM with Apical atrophy
- Megacolon & Megaoesophagus
- Acute stage: Romana sign (U/L Periorbital swelling
Route: Triatomine insect (Kissing bug) & defecates around the mouth/eyes
Dx.- Trypomastigote in Blood smear
Rx.- Benznidazole or Nifurtimox
Hallmarks of Leishmania spp. ??
Visceral L (Kala-azar)
- Spiking fevers, Hepatosplenomegaly Pancytopenia
Cutaneous L : Skin ulcers
Route: Sandfly
Dx.- Macrophages with Amastigotes
Rx.- Amphotericin B, Na Stibogluconate
Route of infection of Nematodes ??
Ingested: “EATTT these”
- Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichinella, Trichuris
Cutaneous: “feet from the SANd”
- Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator
Bites: “lay LOW to avoid bites”
- Loa Loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria Bancrofti
