PARASITOLOGY Flashcards by KARYLLE MANARANG

2 major groups of Parasitology

Protozoa & Helminths

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Unicellular eukaryotes that form an entire kingdom

Protozoa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Protozoa is divided into four groups according to locomotion and mode of reproduction

Flagellates
Amebae
Sporozoa
Ciliates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Have one or more whip-like flagella, and in some cases and undulating membrane

Flagellates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Example of Flagellates

Giardia
Trichomonas
Trypanosoma
Leishmania

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Typically, ameboid and use pseudopodia or protoplasmic flow to move

Amebae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Amebae use, to move

Pseudopodia or protoplasmic flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Example of Amebae

Entamoeba
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Undergo complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual reproductive phases

Sporozoa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Example of Sporozoa

Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Toxoplasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Complex protozoa bearing cilia distributed in rows or patches, with two kinds of nuclei in each individual

Ciliates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 groups of Helminths

Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminths (flatworms)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elongated and tapered at both ends, round in cross-section, and unsegmented

Nematoda ( roundworms )

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nematoda ( roundworms ) and Nematode infection is acquired by

Nematoda- Ingestion of egg and larval stage
Nematode infections - from insect vectors and skin penetration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dorsoventrally flattened in cross-section and are hermaphroditic

Platyhelminths (flatworms)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 kinds of flatworms

Trematoda (flukes)
Cestodes (tapeworms)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flattened and leaf-shaped with two muscular suckers

Tramatoda (flukes)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Flat and have ribbon-like chain of segments containing male and female reproductive structures. Give also the size

Cestodes (Tapeworms)
-can reach up to 10 m

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intestinal Protozoa

Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Other name for Giardia lamblia

Giardia duodenalis
Giardia intestinalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by Giardia lamblia

Giardiasis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This affects the duodenum and jejunum of humans also give its 2 forms

Giardiasis

Trophozoite - heart-shaped organism and has 4 pairs of flagella
Cyst - egg like

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Giardiasis transmission

Ingestion of fecally contaminated water or food containing Giardia cysts;

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tx for Giardiasis

Metronidazole
Nitrazoxanide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica

Amebiasis

Present only in the lumen of the colon and in mushy or formed feces

Amebiasis

Invade the intestinal epithelium and form discrete ulcers with a pinhead-sized center and raised edges, from which mucus, necrotic cells and amebae pass

Trophozoites

Amebiasis Transmission

fecal-oral route, cysts are ingested through contaminated water, vegetables, and food

Tx for Amebiasis

Metronidazole

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED PROTOZOAN INFECTION

Trichomonas vaginalis

Disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichomoniasis

S/S of Trichomoniasis for Men and Women

Women o Limited to the vulva, vagina, and cervix o Frothy yellow or cream-colored discharge o Local tenderness, vulval pruritus, burning - Men o Prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra may be infected o Thin urethral discharge

Exists only as a trophozoite and has Four free flagella. Most infections are asymptomatic or mild for both men and women

Trichomoniasis

Prevention for Trichomoniasis

Use of condoms, mutual monogamy, and abstinence

Tx for Trichomoniasis

Metronidazole for both partners

BLOOD AND TISSUE PROTOZOAN INFECTION

Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma cruzi - Blood flagellate Leishmania species

2 kinds of Trypanosoma brucei

T. brucei rhodesiense T. brucei gambiense

Disease caused by T. brucei rhodesiense

East African sleeping sickness (EASS) - acute

produces somnolence and coma during the final weeks of terminal infection)

East African sleeping sickness - acute

Disease caused by T. brucei gambiense

West African sleeping sickness (WASS) - chronic

leads to meningoencephalitis with death following 1-2 years)

West African sleeping sickness - chronic

Vector of Trypanosoma brucei

Tsetse fly

S/S of EASS and WASS

Lassitude, inability to eat, wasting, unconsciousness, can lead to death

Tx for both EASS and WASS

Treatment: East African sleeping sickness o Suramin – hemolytic stage o Melarsoprol – CNS involvement Treatment: West African sleeping sickness o Pentamidine – hemolytic stage o Eflornithine – CNS involvement

Disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

Vector of Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

Kissing bug

3 developmental stages of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

Epimastigotes in the vector Trymastigotes in the bloodstream Amastigote – rounded intraceullular stage

S/S for Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

Chagoma – subcutaneous inflammatory nodule Romana’s sign – unilateral swelling of the eyelids especially in children Fever Regional lymphadenitis

Subcutaneous inflammatory nodule

Chagoma

Unilateral swelling of the eyelids especially in children

Romana’s sign

Tx for Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

Nifurtimox Benznidazole (DOC)

Disease caused by Leishmenia species

Cutaneous leishmaniasis Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis

Vector of Leishmania species

Sand fly

Tx for Leishmania species

First-line: Amphotericin B Miltefosine – teratogenic, resistance develops rapidly, and toxic to some patients Paromomycin – aminoglycoside antibiotic

This causes the Cutaneous leishmaniasis

L. tropica L. major L. Mexicana

Other name for Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Oriental sore, Baghdad boil, chiclero ulcer, uta

Dermal lesion at the site of inoculation by the sand fly. Also, Ulceration

Cutaneous leishmaniases

Tx for Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Stibogluconate

Other name for Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

Espundia

Espundia is caused by

L. braziliensis

Death in Espundia may occur due to

Asphyxiation

Infection migrates from site of inoculation to the nasopharyngeal or palatine mucosal surfaces where no further growth may take place for years.

Espundia

Tx for Espundia

Sodium stibogluconate

Visceral leishmaniasis is also known as

Kala-azar which means black fever in Hindi

Kala-azar is caused by

L. donovani

Affects the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Also causes hyperplasia of the spleen

Kala-azar

Tx for Kala-azar

Amphotericin B

Tissue Amoeba

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Balamuthia mandrillaris

Disease caused by Naegleria

primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Disease caused by Acanthemoeba castellani and Blamuthia mandrillaris

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

Enters via the nose and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, passing directly into the brain tissue, where they rapidly form nests of amebae that cause extensive hemorrhage and damage chiefly in the cerebrum and cerebellum

Naegleria fowleri

S/S for Naegleria fowleri

HA, lethargy, rhinitis, NV, disorientation, acute bacterial meningitis

Tx for Naegleria fowleri

Amphotericin B

PLASMODIUM SPECIES causes

Malaria

Four Main Species that cause malaria in humans

1. Plasmodium vivax 2. P. falciparum 3. P. malariae 4. P. ovale 5. P. knowlesi – normally infects macaques, is known to cause zoonotic malaria in SEA

Disease caused by Plasmodiun knowlesi

zoonotic malaria in SEA

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the most common species with what?

Falciparum - most pathogenic of all

Malaria Transmission

Bloodsucking bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes All forms of malaria can be transmitted transplacentally, by blood transfusion or by needles shared among drug users

S/S of Malaria

Initial chill Febrile stage Sweating

Prevention/ Prophylaxis for Malaria

o Elimination of mosquito breeding places o Insecticides o Personal protection against mosquitoes o Repellents Attracted to Blue color Attracted to blood Type O

Tx for Malaria

o DOC: Chloroquine o Malarone o Quinine + Doxycycline o Artemisinin o Uncomplicated vivax: Chloroquine + Primaquine

TOXOPLASMOSIS caused by

Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is from

Oocysts from cat feces

Develops only when nonimmune mothers are infected during pregnancy. Can lead to stillbirths, psychomotor disturbances, and hydrocephaly or microcephaly

Congenital toxoplasmosis

This is the major cause of blindness or other congenital defects

Prenetal toxoplasmosis

2 kinds of Toxoplasmosis

Congenital toxoplasmosis Post-natal toxoplasmosis

Source of Post-natal toxoplasmosis

Cat feces Raw or undercooked meat with infective tissue cysts

Tx for Post-natal toxoplasmosis

Pyrimethamine in combination with sulfadiazine and folinic acid