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MICROPARA LEC > PARASITOLOGY > Flashcards

PARASITOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

2 major groups of Parasitology

A

Protozoa & Helminths

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2
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes that form an entire kingdom

A

Protozoa

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3
Q

Protozoa is divided into four groups according to locomotion and mode of reproduction

A

Flagellates
Amebae
Sporozoa
Ciliates

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4
Q

Have one or more whip-like flagella, and in some cases and undulating membrane

A

Flagellates

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5
Q

Example of Flagellates

A

Giardia
Trichomonas
Trypanosoma
Leishmania

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6
Q

Typically, ameboid and use pseudopodia or protoplasmic flow to move

A

Amebae

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7
Q

What does Amebae use, to move

A

Pseudopodia or protoplasmic flow

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8
Q

Example of Amebae

A

Entamoeba
Naegleria
Acanthamoeba

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9
Q

Undergo complex life cycle with alternating sexual and asexual reproductive phases

A

Sporozoa

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10
Q

Example of Sporozoa

A

Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Toxoplasma

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11
Q

Complex protozoa bearing cilia distributed in rows or patches, with two kinds of nuclei in each individual

A

Ciliates

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12
Q

2 groups of Helminths

A

Nematoda (roundworms)
Platyhelminths (flatworms)

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13
Q

Elongated and tapered at both ends, round in cross-section, and unsegmented

A

Nematoda ( roundworms )

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14
Q

Nematoda ( roundworms ) and Nematode infection is acquired by

A

Nematoda- Ingestion of egg and larval stage
Nematode infections - from insect vectors and skin penetration

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15
Q

Dorsoventrally flattened in cross-section and are hermaphroditic

A

Platyhelminths (flatworms)

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16
Q

2 kinds of flatworms

A

Trematoda (flukes)
Cestodes (tapeworms)

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17
Q

Flattened and leaf-shaped with two muscular suckers

A

Tramatoda (flukes)

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18
Q

Flat and have ribbon-like chain of segments containing male and female reproductive structures. Give also the size

A

Cestodes (Tapeworms)
-can reach up to 10 m

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19
Q

Intestinal Protozoa

A

Giardia lamblia
Entamoeba histolytica

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20
Q

Other name for Giardia lamblia

A

Giardia duodenalis
Giardia intestinalis

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21
Q

Disease caused by Giardia lamblia

A

Giardiasis

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22
Q

This affects the duodenum and jejunum of humans also give its 2 forms

A

Giardiasis

Trophozoite - heart-shaped organism and has 4 pairs of flagella
Cyst - egg like

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23
Q

Giardiasis transmission

A

Ingestion of fecally contaminated water or food containing Giardia cysts;

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24
Q

Tx for Giardiasis

A

Metronidazole
Nitrazoxanide

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25
Q

Disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica

A

Amebiasis

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26
Q

Present only in the lumen of the colon and in mushy or formed feces

A

Amebiasis

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27
Q

Invade the intestinal epithelium and
form discrete ulcers with a pinhead-sized center and raised edges, from which mucus, necrotic cells and amebae pass

A

Trophozoites

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28
Q

Amebiasis Transmission

A

fecal-oral route, cysts are ingested through contaminated water, vegetables, and food

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29
Q

Tx for Amebiasis

A

Metronidazole

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30
Q

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED PROTOZOAN INFECTION

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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31
Q

Disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Trichomoniasis

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32
Q

S/S of Trichomoniasis for Men and Women

A

Women
o Limited to the vulva, vagina, and cervix
o Frothy yellow or cream-colored discharge
o Local tenderness, vulval pruritus, burning
- Men
o Prostate, seminal vesicles and urethra may be infected
o Thin urethral discharge

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33
Q

Exists only as a trophozoite and has Four free flagella. Most infections are asymptomatic or mild for both men and women

A

Trichomoniasis

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34
Q

Prevention for Trichomoniasis

A

Use of condoms, mutual monogamy, and abstinence

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35
Q

Tx for Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole for both partners

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36
Q

BLOOD AND TISSUE PROTOZOAN INFECTION

A

Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi - Blood flagellate
Leishmania species

37
Q

2 kinds of Trypanosoma brucei

A

T. brucei rhodesiense
T. brucei gambiense

38
Q

Disease caused by T. brucei rhodesiense

A

East African sleeping sickness (EASS) - acute

39
Q

produces somnolence and coma during the final weeks of terminal infection)

A

East African sleeping sickness - acute

40
Q

Disease caused by T. brucei gambiense

A

West African sleeping sickness (WASS) - chronic

41
Q

leads to meningoencephalitis with death following 1-2 years)

A

West African sleeping sickness - chronic

42
Q

Vector of Trypanosoma brucei

A

Tsetse fly

43
Q

S/S of EASS and WASS

A

Lassitude, inability to eat, wasting, unconsciousness, can lead to
death

44
Q

Tx for both EASS and WASS

A

Treatment: East African sleeping sickness
o Suramin – hemolytic stage
o Melarsoprol – CNS involvement

Treatment: West African sleeping sickness
o Pentamidine – hemolytic stage
o Eflornithine – CNS involvement

45
Q

Disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Chagas disease or
American trypanosomiasis

46
Q

Vector of Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

A

Kissing bug

47
Q

3 developmental stages of Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

A

Epimastigotes in the vector
Trymastigotes in the bloodstream
Amastigote – rounded intraceullular stage

48
Q

S/S for Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis

A

Chagoma – subcutaneous inflammatory nodule
Romana’s sign – unilateral swelling of the eyelids especially in
children
Fever
Regional lymphadenitis

49
Q

Subcutaneous inflammatory nodule

A

Chagoma

50
Q

Unilateral swelling of the eyelids especially in children

A

Romana’s sign

51
Q

Tx for Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

A

Nifurtimox
Benznidazole (DOC)

52
Q

Disease caused by Leishmenia species

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Visceral leishmaniasis

53
Q

Vector of Leishmania species

A

Sand fly

54
Q

Tx for Leishmania species

A

First-line: Amphotericin B

Miltefosine – teratogenic, resistance develops rapidly, and toxic
to some patients

Paromomycin – aminoglycoside antibiotic

55
Q

This causes the Cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

L. tropica
L. major
L. Mexicana

56
Q

Other name for Cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Oriental sore,
Baghdad boil,
chiclero ulcer,
uta

57
Q

Dermal lesion at the site of inoculation by the sand fly. Also, Ulceration

A

Cutaneous leishmaniases

58
Q

Tx for Cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Stibogluconate

59
Q

Other name for Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

A

Espundia

60
Q

Espundia is caused by

A

L. braziliensis

61
Q

Death in Espundia may occur due to

A

Asphyxiation

62
Q

Infection migrates from site of inoculation to the nasopharyngeal or palatine mucosal surfaces where no further growth may take place for years.

A

Espundia

63
Q

Tx for Espundia

A

Sodium stibogluconate

64
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis is also known as

A

Kala-azar which means black fever in Hindi

65
Q

Kala-azar is caused by

A

L. donovani

66
Q

Affects the spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Also causes hyperplasia of the spleen

A

Kala-azar

67
Q

Tx for Kala-azar

A

Amphotericin B

68
Q

Tissue Amoeba

A

Naegleria fowleri,
Acanthamoeba castellanii,
Balamuthia mandrillaris

69
Q

Disease caused by Naegleria

A

primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

70
Q

Disease caused by Acanthemoeba castellani and Blamuthia mandrillaris

A

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

71
Q

Enters via the nose and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, passing directly into the brain tissue, where they rapidly form nests of amebae that cause extensive hemorrhage and damage chiefly in the cerebrum and cerebellum

A

Naegleria fowleri

72
Q

S/S for Naegleria fowleri

A

HA, lethargy, rhinitis, NV, disorientation, acute bacterial meningitis

73
Q

Tx for Naegleria fowleri

A

Amphotericin B

74
Q

PLASMODIUM SPECIES causes

A

Malaria

75
Q

Four Main Species that cause malaria in humans

A
  1. Plasmodium vivax
  2. P. falciparum
  3. P. malariae
  4. P. ovale
  5. P. knowlesi – normally infects macaques, is known to cause zoonotic
    malaria in SEA
76
Q

Disease caused by Plasmodiun knowlesi

A

zoonotic malaria in SEA

77
Q

Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the most common species with what?

A

Falciparum - most pathogenic of all

78
Q

Malaria Transmission

A

Bloodsucking bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes

All forms of malaria can be transmitted transplacentally, by blood
transfusion or by needles shared among drug users

79
Q

S/S of Malaria

A

Initial chill
Febrile stage
Sweating

80
Q

Prevention/ Prophylaxis for Malaria

A

o Elimination of mosquito breeding places
o Insecticides
o Personal protection against mosquitoes
o Repellents

Attracted to Blue color
Attracted to blood Type O

81
Q

Tx for Malaria

A

o DOC: Chloroquine
o Malarone
o Quinine + Doxycycline
o Artemisinin
o Uncomplicated vivax: Chloroquine + Primaquine

82
Q

TOXOPLASMOSIS caused by

A

Toxoplasma gondii

83
Q

Toxoplasma gondii is from

A

Oocysts from cat feces

84
Q

Develops only when nonimmune mothers are infected during pregnancy. Can lead to stillbirths, psychomotor disturbances, and hydrocephaly or microcephaly

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis

85
Q

This is the major cause of blindness or other congenital defects

A

Prenetal toxoplasmosis

86
Q

2 kinds of Toxoplasmosis

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis
Post-natal toxoplasmosis

87
Q

Source of Post-natal toxoplasmosis

A

Cat feces
Raw or undercooked meat with infective tissue cysts

88
Q

Tx for Post-natal toxoplasmosis

A

Pyrimethamine in combination with sulfadiazine and folinic acid

MICROPARA LEC (7 decks)

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