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MICROPARA LEC > Bacteriology (part 1) > Flashcards

Bacteriology (part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death (WHO, 2020).

A

Antimicrobial resistance

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2
Q

Causes of Antimicrobial Resistance

A

• Over-prescribing of antibiotics
• Patients not finishing their medications
• Over-use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming
• Poor infection control in hospitals and clinics
• Lack of hygiene and poor sanitation
• Lack of new antibiotics being developed

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3
Q

2 types of toxins

A

Exotoxin & Endotoxin

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4
Q

Produced by Gram (+) and Gram (-) and Has killed 50,000 soldiers by Clostridium tetani during WWII

A

Exotoxin

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5
Q

Vaccines made from exotoxins

A

Toxoids

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6
Q

Produced by Gram (-) bacteria

A

Endotoxin

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7
Q

Endotoxin produces

A

fever
hypotension
hypoglycemia
early leukopenia

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8
Q

Contact transmissions

A
  1. Direct – person-to-person
  2. Indirect – Fomite
  3. Congenital – mother to fetus or newborn at birth
  4. Droplet – Mucus droplet that only travels short distances
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9
Q

Vehicle transmissions

A
  1. Airborne – droplet nuclei in dust that travels more than 1 meter
  2. Waterborne – contaminated water
  3. Foodborne – incompletely cooked food, poorly refrigerated or prepared under
    unsanitary conditions
  4. Fecal-oral – Microbes enter the water or food after being shed in the feces of
    people or animals
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10
Q

Vector transmissions

A
  1. Mechanical - fly
  2. Biological - mosquito & fleas
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11
Q

Types of transmission

A

Contact
Vehicle
Vector

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12
Q

Spore forming gram (+) bacilli

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani

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13
Q

large, aerobic; strikes primarily grazing animals

A

Bacillus anthracis

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14
Q

Virulence factors of Bacillus anthracis

A

Edema toxin
Lethal toxin

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15
Q

Causes local edema and interferes with phagocytosis by macrophages

A

Edema toxin

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16
Q

targets and kills macrophages

A

Lethal toxin

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17
Q

Diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis

A

Cutaneous
•Endospore enters at the minor skin lesion
•Papule appears and then eventually vesicles, which rupture and form a depressed, ulcerated area that is covered by a black eschar
•Mortality rate: 1%

Gastrointestinal
•Ingestion of undercooked food containing anthrax endospores
•S/S: Nausea, abdominal pain , bloody diarrhea
•Mortality rate: 50%

Inhalational
•S/S:
1st day: mild fever, coughing, some chest pain
2nd-3rd day: bacteria enter the bloodstream and proliferate; septic shock that usually kills the patient within 24 to 36 hrs.
•Mortality rate: 100%

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18
Q

Treatment for anthrax

A

Doxycycline
Ciprofloxacin
Raxibacumab

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19
Q

large, endospore-forming bacterium that commonly contaminates rice; when large amounts of rice are cooked and allowed to cool slowly, the B. cereus germinate and the vegetative cells produce toxin during sporulation

A

Bacillus cereus

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20
Q

Two Distinct Forms of Bacillus cereus

A

Emetic type: NV, abdominal cramps, occasionally diarrhea and is self- limiting with recovery occurring within 24 hours
Diarrheal type: profuse diarrhea with abdominal pain and cramps; fever and vomiting are uncommon; due to enterotoxins

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21
Q

Tx for Bacillus cereus

A

•Vancomycin and Clindamycin
•Ciprofloxacin for wound infections

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22
Q

Bacillus cereus is resistant to a variety of antimicrobial agents such as

A

Penicillins and Cephalosporins

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23
Q

Prevention for B. cereus

A

cook food thoroughly and cool rapidly

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24
Q

endospore-forming, obligately anaerobic rod; endospore survive most routine heating; grows in the intestinal tract and produces exotoxin that causes the typical symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea

A

Clostridium perfringens

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25
Q

Disease caused by Clostridium perfringens

A

Gas Gangrene

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26
Q

Causes of Clostridium perfringens

A

Improperly performed abortions
Contaminated wound

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27
Q

S/S: spreads in 1-3 days, crepitation in the SC tissue and muscle, foul-smelling discharge, rapidly progressing necrosis, fever, hemolysis, toxemia, shock, death

A

Clostridium perfringens

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28
Q

Tx for Clostridium perfringens

A

Amputation
PCN
Symptomatic care – food poisoning Hyperbaric chamber

29
Q

MADLI TOF MS means

A

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS)

30
Q

Prevention for Clostridium perfringens

A

Early and adequate cleansing of contaminated wounds; surgical
debridement

31
Q

Characteristics of Clostridium difficile

A

Endospore-forming anaerobe found in the stool of many healthy adults

32
Q

Disease cause by Clostridium difficile

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

33
Q

Inflammation of the large intestine

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

34
Q

Cause of disease under clostridium difficile

A

Extensive use of antibiotics such as Ampicillin, Clindamycin and more
frequently Fluoroquinolones

Eliminates most of competing intestinal bacteria and permits rapid proliferation of the toxin

Results in proliferation of drug resistant C. difficile

35
Q

S/S disease under Clostridium difficile

A

water or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, leukocytosis, fever

36
Q

Tx/Management under Clostridium difficile

A

•Discontinue administration of offending antibiotic
•Give oral Metronidazole, Vancomycin or Fidaxomicin

37
Q

Characteristics of Clostridium botulinum

A

found in soil and occasionally in animal feces; highly resistant to heat, withstanding 100°C for several hours; heat resistance is diminished at acid pH or high salt concentration

38
Q

Toxins under Clostridium botulinum

A

o 7 varieties of toxin (serotypes A-G)
o Type A, B, E and F causes human illness o Most toxic substance known
o Lethal dose – 1-2 μg/kg

39
Q

Sources Clostridium botulinum

A

from spiced, smoked, vacuum packed or canned alkaline foods
that are eaten without cooking; improperly canned, preserved or
fermented foods

40
Q

Source of infant botulism

A

Honey

41
Q

Source of wound botulism

A

Seen primarily in drug users

42
Q

S/S under Clostridium botulinum

A

Flaccid paralysis (toxin blocks release of acetylcholine at the synapses and
neuromuscular junctions)

Inability to swallow, speech difficulty, visual disturbances, death occurs
from respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest

Infant develop poor feeding, weakness and signs of paralysis (floppy baby)

43
Q

Treatment and Prevention for Clostridium botulinum

A

•Supportive care, especially intensive care; mechanical ventilation if
necessary

•Canned or preserved foods must be sufficiently heated to ensure
destruction of spores or must be boiled for 20 minutes before consumption

44
Q

Characteristics of Clostridium tetani

A

found in soil and in the feces of horses and other animals; extremely small amount of toxin can be lethal for humans

45
Q

Disease caused by Clostridium tetani

A

Tetanus

Spores are introduced through a devitalized tissue (wound, burn, injury, umbilical stump, surgical suture)

Toxin reaches the CNS and becomes fixed to the receptors in the spinal cord

46
Q

S/S under Clostridium tetani

A

c. S/S:
o Trismus, lockjaw where mouth cannot be opened, sardonic smile
o Opisthotonos (spasm of the back muscles cause the head and heels to
bow backward)
o Tonic spasms then tetanic generalized muscle spasm
o Patient is fully conscious and pain may be intense; death occurs due to
interference with the mechanics of respiration

47
Q

Prevention and treatment under Clostridium tetani

A

o Active immunization with toxoids (tetanus toxoids) o DTaP vaccine
o Aggressive wound care
o Prophylactic use of antitoxin
o Administration of PCN
o Muscle relaxants, sedation and assisted ventilation

48
Q

DTaP means

A

Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis

49
Q

Aerobic Non-Spore Forming Gram (+) Bacilli

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria
Listeria monocytogenes
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Nocardia genus

50
Q

“club-shaped” appearance; occurs in the respiratory tract in wounds or on the skin of infected persons or normal carriers

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

51
Q

Disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria

A

Diphtheria

52
Q

Causes/Transmission of Diphtheria

A

droplet infection, unvaccinated individuals and developing countries

53
Q

S/S of Diphtheria

A

o Begins with a sore throat, fever followed by general malaise and swelling of neck
o Formation of tough grayish membrane that forms in the throat which contains fibrin, dead tissue and bacterial cells and can totally block the passage of air to the lungs

54
Q

Tx for Diphtheria

A

Penicillin & Macrolides

55
Q

Prevention of Diphtheria

A

DTaP vaccine – an inactivated toxin that causes the body to produce antibodies against the diphtheria toxin

56
Q

can survive at refrigerator temperature (4°C) under conditions of low pH and high-salt conditions; can overcome food preservation barriers; produces acid but not gas from utilization of variety of carbohydrates

A

Listeria monocytogenes

57
Q

Disease caused by Listeria monocytogenes

A

Granulomatosis Infatiseptica; Listeriosis

58
Q

Transmission under Listeria monocytogenes

A

ready-to-eat meat; contaminated food

59
Q

S/S under Listeria monocytogenes

A

o Adult – causes meningitis for immunocompromised patients; can cause sepsis
o Pregnant woman – mother suffers no more than mild flu-like symptoms; fetus can be infected resulting in an abortion or stillborn infant; meningitis in infant resulting to death

60
Q

Tx for Listeria monocytogenes

A

Ampicillin, Erythromycin
IV Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole – DOC for CNS infections in patients
who are allergic to PCN)

61
Q

produces small, transparent glistening colonies; alpha- hemolytic on blood agar; on gram stains, it sometimes looks garm (-) because it decolorizes easily

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiophathiae

62
Q

Disease cause by Erysipelothrix rhusiophathiae

A

Erysipeloid

63
Q

Treatment under Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

o Pen G
o It is intrinsically resistant to vancomycin

64
Q

produce urease; cell walls contain mycolic acid; weakly acid fast

A

Nocardia genus

65
Q

Disease caused by Nocardia genus

A

Nocardiosis – opportunistic infection with several risk factors; impairs
cell-mediated immune responses
o Risk factors: Corticosteroid treatment, immunosuppression, organ
transplantation, AIDS, alcoholism

66
Q

Transmission of Nocardiosis

A

Transmission: inhalation, not transmitted from person-to-person

67
Q

S/S of Nocardiosis

A

o subacute to chronic pulmonary infection that may disseminate to other organs
o Fever, night sweat, weight loss, chest pain, cough with or without sputum production, SOB, abscess formation

68
Q

Treatment for Nocardiosis

A

o DOC: Trimethoprim—Sulfamethoxazole (TPM-SMX)

MICROPARA LEC (7 decks)

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