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MOD Exam2 > Parasites And Prions - Hillard > Flashcards

Parasites And Prions - Hillard Flashcards

1
Q

D causing protozoa

A

Entamoeba histolytica
Giardia
Cryptosporidium

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2
Q

amoeba causing meningoencephalitis

A

Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba
Balamuthia

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3
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi

A

mosquito borne
—> lymphatic tracts, impaired lymph drainage, = edema, fibrosis, hypertrophy
= elephantiasis

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4
Q

Onchocerca volvulus

A

black flies in tropical areas

ithchy subcutaneous nodules (including eye “river blindness”

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5
Q

Drancunculus medinensis

A

fresh water crustaceans (long subcutaneous worm)

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6
Q

parasite Helminths that effect GI and lungs

A
  1. Necator americanus (hookworm)
  2. Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)
  3. Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
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7
Q

parasite helminths that effect GI and muscle

A

Trichinella spiralis (raw pork)

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8
Q

parasite helminth that effect only GI

A
  1. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

2. Enterobius vermicularus (pinworm)

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9
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

fish tapeworm from raw fish

- asymptomatic or non-specific GI issues

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10
Q

Hymenolepis nana

A

fecal oral from rats, or other humans

- asymptomatic or non-specific GI issues

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11
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A

Hydatid Disease
colonize in dogs, eaten fecal matter or something by humans
- cysts in various organs (liver and lung included)

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12
Q

Schistosoma is what type

A

flatworm (platyhelinthes)

= blood fluke

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13
Q

Taenia is what type

A

Tapeworm (cestodes)

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14
Q

2 types of flatworm (platyhelinthes)

A
  1. Schistosoma = blood fluke

2. Tapeworm (cestodes)

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15
Q

roundworms

A

Nematodes

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16
Q

how to DX a parasite

A

Ova and Parasite Test
collect stool, centrifuge, stain, microscope
- iodine, trichome stains

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17
Q

Entamoeba histolytica
TR mode
SX

A

Fecal oral
asymptomatic, BLOODY diarrhea
RUQ pain (liver abscess)
fever

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18
Q

Entamoeba histolytica toxin eroding mucosa

A

Trophozoites

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19
Q

Giardia lamblia

TR mode

A

sewage contaminated food, water, drinking from streams not filtered or boiled
beavers, rodents

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20
Q

Giardia lamblia SX

A

infectious cysts

FATTY, malodorous D

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21
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

water related outbreaks (drinking water while traveling, swimming pools- lives in chlorine even)

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22
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum SX

A

WATERY D, abd pain, N,V

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23
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum DX

A

see acid-fast + oocyst in stool = red stain

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24
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum in HIV patients

A

persistent D

normal immunocompotent patients will have D for 10-14 days

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25
Q

Naegleria fowleri
colonizes
TR mode

A 
fresh water (lakes, ponds, canals)
traumatic implantation of water toward cribriform plate - water skiing, diving (forced up the nose)
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26
Q

Naegleria fowleri SX

A

acute meningioencephalitis : fatal in 1 week, high fever, stiff neck, mental changes, N,V, NO rash

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27
Q

Acanthamoeba
TR mode
SX

A

can contaminate sterile solutions
contact lens keratitis
in immunocompromised : chronic meningoencephalitis

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28
Q

Balamuthia mandrillaris SX

A 
skin lesions (concomitant granulomatous)
chronic meningoencephalitis
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29
Q

how to dx neagleria fowleri

A

looks like bacterial meningitis in every way
CSF also has high N
- only difference is motile amoeba forms in CSF can be seen

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30
Q

Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba colonize

A

soil and water environments

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31
Q

chronic meningoencephalitis SX

A

low grade fever, visual changes, behavioral abnormalities, neuro changes, worsening headache

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32
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
TR mode
SX

A 
STI (flagellated protozoan)
-can by asymptomatic
- malodorous discharge
-pruritus (discharge + itching)
- dysuria 
(common in aged women)
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33
Q

Toxoplasma gondii
colonize
TR mode

A

cats
cat poop, raw meat
TORCH infection (preg. women important)

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34
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis DX

A

pap smear
urine
vaginal wet mount

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35
Q

Toxoplasma gondii SX

A

congenital abnomalities : eyes, cns, stillbirth)
HIV patients : encephalitis, chorioretinitis
normal healthy : none, some have fever, headache

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36
Q 
Malaria 
TR 
area
Sx
Dx
A

mosquito —> RBCs (anemia) + liver
tropics
febrile illness (headache, muscle ache, fever)
peripheral blood smear

37
Q

malaria TR by what mosquito

and what group is this protozoan

A 
Plasmodium group (4 types)
tr by Anopheles mosquito
38
Q

Plasmodium falciparum

A

most aggressive malaria, most common
- fever irregular + continuous OR every 48hrs
- brain dysfunction : cerebral malaria, occludes these BVs
(africa)

39
Q

Plasmodium vivax + ovale

A

48hr episodic fever
can live in liver and appear years later
= hepatosplenomegaly , spleen rupture is rare

40
Q

Plasmodium malariae

A

72hr episodic fever

41
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi

A

Southeast Asia mild fever, can be severe (acute kidney injury, jaundice, respiratory failure)

42
Q

protection against Plasmodium falciparum

A

sicke cell anemia trait (one allele only)

43
Q

protection against Plasmodium vivax + ovale

A

RBCs = have X Duffy RBC Ags

44
Q

Intestinal Roundworm + lung involvement

A
  1. Ascaris lumbricoides
  2. Nectar americanus + Ancylostoma duodenale
  3. Strongloides stercoralis
45
Q

Intestinal Roundworm + lung involvement

location during development

A

lung migration

46
Q

Intestinal Roundworm + lung involvement SX

A

asymptomatic, however can have nonspecific pulmonary sx (cough, sob, infiltrates)
high EOSINOPHILIA

47
Q

Nectar americanus + Ancylostoma SX specific

A

anemia from Fe deficiency

48
Q

DX Nectar americanus + Ancylostoma

A

stool and respiratory specimen

- hookworms

49
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle

A 
from fecal to oral
eggs release larvae in GI penetrating wall
go into blood----> lungs
cough and swallow to GI
mature to adults in GI
50
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides SX

A

can have abd pain

N,V, respiratory sx like dry cough, blood in sputum

51
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis life cycle

A

larvae in soil penetrate skin and enter blood —-> lungs
cough and swallow to GI
mature in GI
*autoinfects lungs

52
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis are

A

threadworm

53
Q

Nectar americanus + Ancylostoma duodenale life cycle

A

larvae in soil penetrate skin and enter blood —-> lungs
cough and swallow to GI
mature in GI
*X autoinfects lungs

54
Q

Nectar americanus + Ancylostoma duodenale are

A

hookworm

55
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis SX

A

itching at site of infection
edema
abd discomofort, N, V, respiratory sx dry cough, blood sputum

56
Q

Nectar americanus + Ancylostoma duodenale SX

A

itching at site of infection
edema
abd discomofort, N, V, respiratory sx dry cough, blood sputum
+ FE DEFICIENCY

57
Q 
all nematodes (roundworms) 
area
A

warm humid tropical areas

58
Q

Trichuris trichiura sx

A

abd pain, D (can have blood)

whipworm

59
Q

Enterobius vermicularis sx

A

nocturnal perianal itching
pediatic disease
pinworm

60
Q

Enterobius vermicularis DX

A

scotch tape test

of anus

61
Q

Trichuris trichiura + Enterobius vermicularis life cycle

A

oral ingestion –> GI mature

62
Q

Trichuris trichiura DX

A

ova and parasite test

63
Q

Trichinella spiralis
colonizes
life cycle

A

pork raw meat oral —> GI penetrate into BVs —> muscles

64
Q

Trichinella spiralis SX

A

high eosinophilia

asymptomatic, or abd pain,N,V that later becomes MYALGIA, FEVER, WEAKNESS

65
Q

Trichinella spiralis DX

A

muscle biopsy

66
Q

Schistosoma
colonize
TR mode

A

fresh water released from snails —> penetrate skin —-> Veins of GI or Bladder

67
Q

Schistosoma SX

A

hypersensitivity reaction (fever, urticaria itchy rash = swimmers itch, dry cough, abd pain, myalgia)

68
Q

chronic Schistosoma can cause

A

chronic fibrosing disease

bladder cancer

69
Q

Schistosoma what is released from the snail

A

cerceriae

70
Q

perivesicular veins

A

veins around the bladder

71
Q

Schistosoma japonicum
area
sx

A

east asia
intestinal + hepatosplenic veins (GI bleeding, fibrosis around portal vein = portal HTN—-> esophageal varcies, splenomegaly)

72
Q

Schistosoma mansoni
area
sx

A

africa + south america
intestinal + hepatosplenic veins (GI bleeding, fibrosis around portal vein = portal HTN—-> esophageal varcies, splenomegaly)

73
Q

Schistosoma haematobium
area
sx

A

middle east + africa (egypt)

perivesicular veins, dysuria, hematuria, polyuria, can cause bladder cancer

74
Q

Tapeworm Taenia species
TR mode
colonize

A

eating raw meat
beef –> Taenia saginata
pork —> taenia solium

75
Q

Tapreworms (Taenia species) are

A

Cestodes

76
Q

Taenia species SX
Taenia saginata
taenia solium

A

attach to SI

asymptomatic, N, epigastric pain

77
Q

taenia solium SX special

A

ingested embryonated eggs (ONLY FECAL ORAL) —> GI—> CNS = cysticercosis :
seizures, altered vision, focal neurologic signs
many cystic brain lesions = neurocystercosis

78
Q

taenia solium DX

A

MRI, cysts can calcify

79
Q

Prions are

A

abnormally folded protein diseases

80
Q

normal prions proteins found in

A

brain, PRPc

81
Q

abnormally folded prions

A

PRPsc - cant be broken down
= causes normal PRPc to have abnormal post- translation to PRPsc
= accumulation of PRPsc

82
Q

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

PRPsc –> spongiform change in brain (soap bubbly)

= Creurzfeldt- Jakob disease (CJD)

83
Q

CJD can be aquired how

A

latrogenic : reused surgical tools

2. variant CJD : eating infected cow (bovine meat) –> MAD COW disease

84
Q

how cows get CJD

A

eating remains of other animals = bovine encephalopathy

85
Q

general SX of prion diseases

A

progressive dementia, psychiatric sx, involuntary muscle spasm, difficult speaking, abnormal behaviors, ataxia
(years after in CJD)

86
Q

Kuru prion disease specific sx

A

ataxia, shaking = cannibalism of dead caused this in new guinea

87
Q

fatal familial insomnia prion specific sx

A

from sporatic mutation

worsening insomnia , dementia

88
Q

DX any prion disease

A

brain biopsy

MOD Exam2 (8 decks)

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