Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD Exam2 > Hematopoiesis- Martin > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis- Martin Flashcards

1
Q

Pluripotent stem cell becomes

A

Myeloid stem cell ——> (IFU-E —> proerythroblast) RBC, (CFU-Mega—>Megakatocyte) Platelet, (Monoblast) Monocytes
Lymphoid stem cell ——> B cell, T cell, NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Myeloid stem cells give

A
  1. (IFU-E —> proerythroblast) RBC,
  2. (CFU-Mega—>Megakatocyte) Platelet,
  3. (Monoblast) Monocytes
  4. (Myeloblast) N, B, E
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hematopoiesis happens where

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Liver + Spleen
  3. BM
  4. All over many bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Marrow stromal compartment

A

Endothelial - barrier
Adipocytes - energy
Stromal cells - structure
M - remove dead cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BM young

A

55% red
25% fat marrow
20% Trabecular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BM looks like

A

Field of flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BM elderly

A

25% red
60% marrow fat
15% trabecular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BM elderly with osteoporosis

A

20% red
70% marrow fat
10% trabecular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cellularity in BM

A

100-age = % cellularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SCF

A

Stem cell factor

= fetal tissues and BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IL3

A

Replication and growth hematopoietic progenitor cells (Myeloid cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IL6

A

—> Megakaryocytes and N production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IL2

A

T-cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

IL2 + IL6

A

B-cell growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

GM-CSF

A

Leukocytes and reticulocyte formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

G-CSF

A

Increase N during neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

M- CSF

A

Increase monocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin
Made in kidney
Formation of RBCs (TX for anemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TPO

A

Thrombopoietin
Made in liver
Megakaryocytes and platelet production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Steps in erythropoiesis

A
  1. Pronormoblast - pale, large central nucleus
  2. Basophils normoblast - bluish clumps
  3. Polychromatic normoblast - checker board nucleus
  4. Orthochromic normoblast - pink
  5. Polychromatic erythrocytes = reticulocyte (no nucleus)- blue ribosomes
  6. Erythrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High reticulocyte

A

Anemia or some kind of trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Supravital dye

A

For RBCs to see ribosomes

Methylene blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Granulopoiesis

A 
Chromatin condenses 
Lubulated nucleus 
Cells shrink 
Granules in cytoplasm 
= N, B, E (all myeloid stem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Agranulopoiesis

A 
Heterochromatin content increases
X granules 
No lobululation nucleus 
Cells shrink 
= Lymphocytes (Lymphoid stem), Monocytes (myeloid stem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Steps for Granulocytic leukopoiesis for Neutrophil

A
  1. Myeloblast : large cyto and nucleus, no granules
  2. Promeylocyte : Azurophilic granules,
  3. Myelocyte : slight intention in nucleus, smaller granules and many
  4. Metamyelocyte : huge deep indentation in nucleus where Golgi is, many granules
  5. Bands : horseshoe nucleus (if high = left shift)
  6. Polymorphonuclear N : segmented N
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Steps for Granulocytic leukopoiesis for Basophils and eosinophils

A

Same steps as N
(B = dark granules)
(E = red orange granules)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

Release anti microbial chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Eosinophils

A

Phagocytosis

Anti parasitic and bactericidal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Basophils

A

Secrete histamines and heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Immature B and T cells

A

No granules

1-2 nucleoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mature B cells and T cells

A

BM and Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Plasma cells

A

Activated by B-cells (in spleen and LNs)

Help T-cells go back to BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Platelet steps

A
  1. Megakaryoblast : large kidney shaped nucleus
  2. Megakaryocytes: multilobed nucleus, endomitosis (many divisions inside cell)
  3. Platelets : have some granules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased RBC volume (low Hb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased RBC or HB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Thrombopenia

Thrombocythemia

A

Decreased platelets

Increased platelets

37
Q

Leukopenia

A

Lowed WBCs

38
Q

Leukocytosis

39
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

High lymphocytes

40
Q

Absolute

A

Means number of cells is low or high (not dependent on percent)

41
Q

Mean corpuscular volume

A

MCV = average RBC volume

42
Q

MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

average hemoglobin mass in RBC

43
Q

MCHC

A

Concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume

44
Q

RPI

A

Reticulocyte production index

Reticulocyte % based on RBC volume

45
Q

Normal MCV
Low MCV
High MCV

A

80-100 : Nomocytic anemia
Low : Microcytic anemia (RBC is smaller then lymphocytes)
High : macrocytic anemia (RBC is bigger then lymphocytes)

46
Q

How to measure MCH

A

Look at central pallor

47
Q

MCH normal low and high

A

Normal central pallor : Normochronic = normal Hb in each RBC
Hypochromic : high central pallor
Hyperchromic : low central pallor

48
Q

RPI increases when

A

When O2 demand increases = left shift

49
Q

Normal WBC

A

4.8-10.8

Higher Hct and Hb in males, since females have menstruation and lower body mass

50
Q

HCT is what

A

Hb x 3 = Hct (+/- 3)

51
Q

MCV increased seen in

A

B12 and Folate deficiency

52
Q

MCV decrease is seen in

A

Thalassemia : Fe+3 deficiency

53
Q

Anicocytosis

A

Variation in size : high RDW (RBC distribution width = many sizes of RBCs seen)
LOW : low MCV, Fe deficiency
HIGH : high MCV : B12, folate deficiency

54
Q

Poikilocytosis

FYI on examples

A

Many RBC variation in shape seen
Spherocyte no central pallor = hereditary spherocytosis
Oval, ellipse = Fe def, megoloblastic, thalassemia
Bite cells = G6PD def

55
Q

FE deficiency anemia is going to show

A
  1. Anisocytosis + Poikilocytosis
  2. Microcytic : low MCV
  3. Hypochromic : low MCHC + MCH
  4. Increased RDW
  5. Low Hct, and low RBCs
56
Q

High reticulocyte index means

Low means

A

Large RBC destruction
Low production of RBCs
** do this if you see normal MCV**

57
Q

If you see Microcytic anemia what do you do

A
  1. Serum iron level
  2. Total Fe binding capacity (TIBC)
  3. serum ferritin lever
    = to know the type of Microcytic anemia
58
Q

FE deficiency vs thalassemia can be done how

A

Look at RDW (erythrocytes size distribution)

59
Q

Marked erythrocytes hyperplasia is what

A

Low M:E ration (myeloid to erythroid)

RBC loss, high reticulocyte = erythroid hyperplasia in BM

60
Q

Marked erythrocytes hyperplasia is seen in what

A 
G6PD def
Sickle cell
B-thalassemia 
Hereditary sperocytosis 
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
61
Q

Sickle cell and spleen

A

Autoinfarction of spleen

62
Q

Megaloblastic hyperplasia you see

Seen when

A
  1. MCV high
  2. hypersegmented N
  3. Hypercellular BM
    = in B12 (vegetarian, gasterectomy) and folate (preg, alcohol) deficiency
63
Q

Aplastic anemia

A
  1. Hypocellular BM (low hematopoiesis )
  2. Low Reticulocyte index
  3. Normal MCV
    EX : Pancytopenia of all cell lines (from chemo, drugs, autoimmune)
64
Q

Metastatic carcinoma

A

BM replaced by metastatic tumor, leukemia

  1. Normal MVC
  2. Low RPI
65
Q

Marrow replacement shows

A

Leukoerythroblastosis

Nucleates, teardrop RBCs, immature WBCs

66
Q

Extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

Occurring in organs not in BM (spleen, liver, LN)

= can show abnormal hematopoiesis

67
Q

Schistocytes are what and seen when

A

Fragmented RBCs
= Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
= thrombocytopenia + anemia

68
Q

Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

A

Schistocytes seen
1. Thrombocytopenia
2. Anemia
(DIC, TTP, HUS)

69
Q

Bite cells and Heinz bodies are seen when

A 
G6PD deficiency (seen with supravital stain)
= oxidative stress from infection, drugs, foods)
70
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis you see

A

All RBC have NO central pallor and are small

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

71
Q

Sickle cell anemia you see

A

HbS causing sickle cells

72
Q

Normal person CBC of WBCs

A

Higher N then Lymphocytes (unless child)

Higher T cells then B cells

73
Q

Neutropenia causes what

A

Pyogenic acute Bacterial infection (staph and strep)
= supperative infection
- Tx with steroids

74
Q

Left shift

A

Bacteria*
Many band cells (immature N)
Metamyelocyes can be seen in very severe infections = Toxic granulation -» accelerated N maturation

75
Q

Leukemoid reaction

A

High WBCs + high N, not due to leukemia , due to infection or drugs with HIGH IL6

  • HIGH LAP (leukocyte alkaline phosphatase)
  • low blasts
76
Q

High WBC how do you know I it is leukemia or infection

A 
Measure LAP (high in infection)
Measure blasts % (low in infection)
77
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

A

High WBC, high blasts myeloid + lymphoid, low LAP

Blasts keep increasing : chronic phase —> accelerated phase —> blast phase

78
Q

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

A

Blasts accumulate myeloid only*
Thrombocytopenia + anemia
+ neutropenia
= Auer rods seen in blood smear

79
Q

Inadequate granulopoieses

A 
1. Low granulocytic precursors 
= drugs, toxins
2. Suppressed hematopoietic stem cells
= aplastic anemia 
= marrow replacement 
3. Ineffective hematopoiesis 
= neutropenia (megaloblastic anemia)
4. Congenital neutropenia
80
Q

High Destruction RBCs seen in

A 
1. Immunological mediated injury to N
= autoimmune, Lupus
2. Splenomegaly:
= portal HTN, mild neutropenia 
3. Increased peripheral utilization :
= overwhelming bacteria or fungal infection
81
Q

EBV you see what in blood smear

A

Mononucleosis = atypical T-cells

82
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A

Older adults
LA, hepatosplenomegaly
= lymphocytes HIGH

83
Q

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

A

HIGH BAST lymphocytes cells
Children
Panocytopenia happens

84
Q

To see if you have leukemia

A

Flow cytomety to see if all cells are colonal

85
Q

Monocytosis is seen

A

Autoimmune

Atypical bacteria infections

86
Q

Basophilic seen when

A

Rare and seen in some leukemia like CML

87
Q

Eosinophilia seen when

A

Allergy, parasites

88
Q

Thrombocytopenia SX

A

Mucocutaneous bleeding = due to low platelets
1. petechiae : small hemorrhagic spots in skin
2. Ecchymosis : bruising large
<100K avoid organ surgery
<50K surgical bleeding
< 20K spontaneous bleeding

89
Q

3 causes of thrombocytopenia

A
  1. Increased platelet destruction
  2. Decreased platelet production
  3. Hyperspenism accumulates platelets

MOD Exam2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions