Bacteria - Hillard Flashcards
1
Q
bacteria have what for DNA
A
plasmids
circular DNA that can be transducted, transformed, or conjugated to other bacteria
2
Q
Generalized Transduction
Specialized transduction
A
Generalized : virus of bacteria picks up any part of bacterial genome
Specialized : bacteria or virus is integrated into genome of bacteria and picks specific portion of genome during activation.
3
Q
Gram + cell wall
A
thick with peptidoglycans+ Techoic and Lipoteichoic acids
4
Q
Gram - cell wall
A
thin with high lipid washed away with alcohol + polysaccharides
**Lipid A ENDOTOXIN
5
Q
Staining Gram - bacteria cells
A
- Crystal Violet - nothing
- Iodine - nothing
- Alcohol - removes color
- Safranin (counterstrain or coloring it pink)
6
Q
Gram + staining
A
- Crystal Violet - crystal violet (purple)
- Iodine - dye tapping agent (purple)
- Alcohol - nothing
- Safranin - nothing
7
Q
staining exception in what
A
- Gram+ Clostridium + Bacillus (mix purple and pink)
2. Acid Fast Bacilli (TB), uses acid decolorizer (red)
8
Q
unique features of bacillus
A
some have spores and some are club shaped
9
Q
coccobacillus shape
A
rod and sphere shaped
10
Q
spirochetes
A
helical shaped
11
Q
curvilinear
A
spirilla shaped
12
Q
spiral or helical shaped stains used
A
- silver stains
- dark field microscopy
- AB immunohistochemical stains
13
Q
shape of streptococcous pnemoniae
A
diplococci
14
Q
macule
A
flat area of discoloration < 1cm
15
Q
Patch
A
flat circumscribed area > 1cm
16
Q
Papule
A
a circumscribed , elevated , solid lesion < 1cm
17
Q
Plaque
A
circumscribed elevated solid lesion > 1cm
18
Q
Nodule
A
a palpable solid lesion > 1cm
19
Q
Vesicles
A
small, superficial, circumscribed blister < 1cm
20
Q
Ulcer
A
an open sore or wound (break of skin or mucous membrane)
21
Q
Cocci catalase +
A
Staphylococcus
22
Q
Cocci Catalase -
A
Streptococcous
Enterococcus
23
Q
Bacilli , Spore forming
A
Bacillus (grow in O2)
Clostridium (anaerobic)
24
Q
Bacilli, Non-spore forming
A
Corynebacterium (club shape, non mobile)
Listeria (motile at 25 degree C)
25
Catalase + looks like
| function
reduce H2O2 to bubbles
| to defend itself against M and N
26
3 types to staph
1. staphylococcus aureus
2. Staphylococcus epidermis
3. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
27
coagulase + in Staph
Staphylococcus aureus = activates fibrin clot
28
coagulase - in Staph
Staphylococcus epidermis
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus
29
Staphylococcus Aureus
proteins
color
gram
Protein A, Penicillinase, Leukocidins, Hemolysins
Staphokinase (clot destroyer), Hemolysins
Golden
Gram +
30
Hemolysins
destroys RBSCs
31
Protein A
prevents AB mediated binding and complement activation
32
4 SX in Staphylococcus aureus
1. Pneumonia : after previous viral infection
2. Endocarditis
3. Superficial skin and underlying soft tissue infections
4. Septic Osteomyelitis in < 12yo + elderly
5. Gasteroenteritis
33
Staphylococcus aureus pneomonia
high fever, necrotizing pneumonia, PRODUCTIVE COUGH, LUNG ABSCESSES
34
Staphylococcus aureus skin stuff
Folliculitis, Impetigo, Cellulitis, Abscesses
| pealing of skin = TSS
35
Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis fluid
high N and cloudy
36
Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis
ACUTE , fever, chills, weakness, IV drug user= tricuspid
37
rare effect of Staphylococcus aureus
meningitis, brain abscess
38
Staphylococcus aureus Gasteroenteritis
food contamination ,
| ACUTE N, V, D, ABD pain from preformed enterotoxin****
39
Staphylococcus aureus scaled skin syndrome
usually in children
from EXFOLIATIVE TOXIN A + B
fever, poor feeding
40
3 SX of toxic shock syndrome and what causes it
TSST-1 toxin
1. Gasteroenteritis
2. Rash on palms and soles (pealing)
3 .Shock, Hypotension, death
41
2 other then TSS diseases that show sole and palm rash with pealing
1. Syphilis
| 2. rocky mountain spotted fever
42
what is toxic in tampons
superantigen releasing TNF and IL1
43
Staphylococcus epidermis virulence factor
Biofilms = extracellular polysaccharide matrix adhering to foreign device + barrier against immune system
44
Staphylococcus epidermis infects how
```
Nosocomial infection (epidermidis) = prosthetic components like heart valves, hardware, catheters, shunts
**** endocarditis it gets into blood
```
45
Staphylococcus epidermis epidermidis
endocarditis, high fever, redness of skin
46
Staphylococcus saprophyticus causes what
UTI most common community acquired one
| "honeymoon cystitis"
47
Streptococcus is classified by growth pattern
B-hemolysis (complete)
a- hemolysis (partial)
y- hemolysis (no)
48
B-hemolysis (complete)
complete breakdown of of blood = clear ring around circular colony
49
a- hemolysis (partial)
makes green ring around colony
50
Streptococcus is classified by Lancefield classification
*based on C carbohydrate group
= Group A and Group B
= Lancefield classification
51
Streptococcus Pyrogenes
classification
virulence factor
EX: most common
B-hemolytic + Group A
M-protein -----I complement
Streptococcal pharyngitis (exudate on tonsils, fever, lymphadenopathy)
52
what can streptococcus pyrogenes lead to if untreated
1. rheumatic fever
| 2. post-strep glomerulonephritis
53
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| Streptococcal pharyngitis sx
(exudate on tonsils, fever, lymphadenopathy)
54
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| Scarlet fever SX
fever, red rough rash on trunk and neck = "sandpaper" NOT ON FACE, SOLE, PALM
red strawberry tongue
+ pharyngitis
55
scarlet fever caused by what and in what age
pyrogenic endotoxin
| school children
56
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| Erysipelas SX
sunburn looking rash on FACE
warm to touch
60-80yo
57
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| Nectrotizing faciitis
ACUTE infection of fascia (CT)
= purple color + PAINFUL
= need surgery
58
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| cellulitis and impetigo
Impetigo : golden crusty rash (children)
| Cellulitis : infection on skin , swollen, warm, red, blotchy
59
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| Rheumatic Fever SX
AB and T-cell reaction against M protein Ag
1. fever HIGH
2. migratory polyarthritis (joints)
3. pancarditis (mitral valve regurg, pericarditis)
4. Subcutaneous nodules (large bumps)
5. Red ring shaped rash (erythema marginatum)
6. Syndenham chorea (happing, halting gait, jerking, grimacing)
60
Rheumatic fever SX happen
1-5 weeks after initial acute infection (streptococcal pharyngitis)
61
Streptococcus pyrogenes
| Post- Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis SX
AB-Ag complex deposited on glomerular BM
1. edema
2. HTN
3. hematuria
4. proteinuria
62
how to test for RF or Post-strep GN
detection of AB to streptolysin O and DNase B
63
Streptococcus agalactiae
classification
can cause
colonizes the
B- hemolytic + Group B
neonatal meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis
vagina
64
3 organisms that can cause neonatal meningitis
1. streptococcus agalactiae
2. Listeria monocytogenes
3. E coli
65
```
Streptococcus pneumoniae
classification
shape
colonizes
virulence factor
sensitive to
```
```
a-hemolytic
diplococci with CAPSULE
nasopharynx
IgA protease
* Optochin sensitive
```
66
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| how to test for capsule
anti-capsular AB (QUELLING TEST) = swollen capsule
67
optochin
kills streptococcus pneumoniae
68
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| pneumococcal pneumonia SX
```
(common community acquired pneumonia)
1. lobar consolidation in lungs
2. high fever, chills
3. cough, SOB, CP
older then 65yo common
```
69
pneumococcal pneumonia after autopsy
| CDC recommendation
heavy and diffuse consolidation
| over 65yo get vaccine
70
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| Meningitis
1. high fever
2. nuchal rigidity
3. abnormal mental status changes
(you can also see headaches)
71
bacterial meningitis CSF
turbid looking
high N (normal is high monocytes)
low glucose
high protein
72
viral meningitis CSF
clear looking
high lymphocytes
some elevated protein
normal glucose
73
common cause of meningitis in children
Streptococccus pneuomoniae
74
common cause of meningitis in adolescence and young adulthood
Neisseria meningitides
75
Streptococcus pneumoniae
| Otitis Media
middle ear infection (6mo-24mo most common)
1. ear pain = pulling on ear
2. hearing loss
3. drainage
* **** Bulging of TM
76
3 organisma causing otitis media
1. streptococcus pneumoniae (gram -)
2. Haemophilus influenza (gram -)
3. Moraxella catarrhalis (gram -)
77
spleen function
clears encapsulated bacteria
78
aslpenia / Hyposplenism caused by
1. trauma
2. sickle cell
3. lymphoma
79
3 organisms that asplenic patients can easily get
1. streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Haemophilus influenza type B
3. Neisseria meningitis
80
```
Streptococcus Viridans
classification
where is it colonized
can cause
sensitive to
```
a- hemolytic
Dental caries (cavities, S.mutans) + GI
subacute bacterial endocarditis
NOT sensitive to OPTOCHIN****
81
subacute endocarditis SX
in strep viridans
| low fever , weakness, night sweats, low appetite, weight loss
82
common way to get Streptococcus viridans
dental cleaning thats invasive
83
organisms causing subacute bacterial endocarditis
1. Streptococcus viridans
| 2. HACEK (also found in oral cavity flora)
84
```
Streptococcus Enterococci
classification
colonizes
grow on what
causes what kind of infection
```
y- hemolytic
normal bowel flora
bile + 6.5% NaCl
nosocomial opportunistic infections
85
Streptococcus Enterococci TX
resistant to most drugs like vancomycin
86
nosocomial opportunistic infections
wound infections, urinary tract, biliary tract, heart valves
87
```
Streptococcus Group D Non-Enterococci
Classification
colonizes
grows on what
causes what kind of infections
```
y-hemolytic
in GI also
Grow on ONLY BILE
nosocomial opportunistic infections (ESP S. Bovis = colon cancer)
88
what causes cavities
Streptococcus mutans
89
what causes colon cancer
Streptococcus Bovis
90
spore forming bacteria
Bacillus and Clostridium(anearobic)
91
2 O2 loving spore forming Bacilli organisms
1. Bacillus cereus = Diarrhea
| 2. Bacillus anthracis = anthrax
92
4 Anaerobic spore forming Bacilli organism
1. Clostridium difficile = nosocomial diarrhea
2. Clostridium Botulinum = Botulism
3. Clostridium tetani = tetanus
4. Clostridium perfringes = gas gangrene
93
Bacillus cereus
resistant to
makes what
heat resistant even at cooking tempratures
makes enterotoxin over time even in hot food (when reheating food the toxin is there)
+ emetic toxin (not resistant to heat)
94
enterotoxin
ABD cramp, N,V within 1-3hrs
| from reheating a dish
95
emetic toxin
not heat resistant
| watery diarrhea within at least 8hrs
96
Bacillus anthracis
structure
resistant to
colonizes where
encapsulated, spore forming
drying and heat, chemicals
hides, herbivore animals, soil
97
Bacillus anthracis SX
1. cutaneous anthrax : malignant pustule
2. Inhalation anthrax : pulmonary spores ----> mediatinal lymph nodes = fever + myalgia --> mediastinal hemorrhage, sepsis, death
98
Inhalation anthrax can be seen as
X-ray : mediastinal widening due to hemorrhage
99
gastrointestinal anthrax and injectional anthrax
less common also from Bacillus anthrax
| multiorgan failure and death
100
Clostridium Difficile
causes what
toxins made
what do you see in these
anaerobic spore forming bacilli
antibiotic -associated colitis (clindamycin, penicillin, cephalosporin)
1. Toxin A : inflammation, fluid secretion (D)
2. Toxin B : toxic to colonic epithelial cells (non-bloody D + ABD pain + fever)
pseudomembranous colitits
101
pseudomembranous colitits
many mucopurulent exudative plaques on GI
102
what causes nosocomial D
Clostridium Difficile ----> esp after AB use
| Streptococcus Enterocolitis
103
other things causing pseudomembranous colitits
IBD
| ischemic colitis
104
Clostridium Difficile can spread from
non washing hands , fecal to oral contamination
105
Clostridium Botulinum
classification
toxin effect
spore forming anaerobic bacilli
| inhibits ACH release (neurotoxin)
106
Clostridium Botulinum spread in adults
food borne, undercooking, canned food, raw honey, smoked fish
107
Clostridium Botulinum SX in adults
Bilateral cranial neuropathy (vision changes, drooping of eyes and face) , descending muscle weakness, respiratory paralysis, death
108
Clostridium Botulinum spread in infants
honey, infant powder
109
Clostridium Botulinum SX in infants
CONSTIPATION ---> due to difficulty swallowing, muscle weakness (hypotonia) = "floppy baby syndrome"
110
Clostridium Tetani
classification
colonizes
toxin effects
spore forming, anaerobic bacilli
soil, deep puncture wounds
Neurotoxin ----I GLYCINE and GABA = sustained motor contractions
111
Clostridium Tetani SX and prevention
1. severe muscle spasm
2. autonomic instability (tachy, sweating, labile BP (up and down)
3. lockjaw
prevent by DTAP vaccine
112
Clostridium perfringens
classification
colonizes
toxin effects
spore forming, anaerobic bacilli
soil, deep wounds, trauma (can also from food, rare)
a- toxin (lecithinase) = lyse RBCs +endothelial cells = hemolysis and hemorrhage
113
Clostridium perfringens SX
1. Cellulitis + wound infections = myonecrosis (muscle necrosis)
2. pain edema, dark purple to black skin
3. GAS GANGRENE , CO2 made by skin
4. crepitus to palpation (gas in tissue)
114
Clostridium perfringes was seen alot in
| and if eaten
```
WW1 and WW2
necrotizing enteritis (rare)
```
115
```
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
classification
shape
toxin and effect
prevention
```
non-spore, non-mobile bacilli
club shaped, pleomorphic
AB exotoxin : inactivates EF2 = no mRNA translation
vaccine DTAP
116
Corynebacterium diphtheriae grown on
Loefflers medium
| black color
117
Corynebacterium diphtheriae SX
1. fever, headache, cough, adenopathy,
2. pharyngitis + pseudomembrane formation (yellow/gray exudate = DO NOT SCRAPE----> systemic infection)
3. Myocarditis (AV block)
4. Neural involvement : cranial and peripheral palsies
118
```
Rhodococcus equi (Corynebacterium equi)
classification
shape
colonize
causes
```
non-spore, non-mobile bacilli
clubbed rod
mammals and soil
****pulmonary disease in immunocompromized **** + lung abscess, pneumonia ****
119
Rhodococcus equi (Corynebacterium equi) what can you see
X-ray : upper lung nodules, cavities with air-fluid levels
120
```
Listeria Monocytogenes
classification
shape
colonizes
virulence factor
```
non-spore, mobile, anaerobic bacilli
rod + flagella
cooler temperatures, DAIRY, MEAT, sprouts contaminated
Listeriolysion O, macrophage phagolysosome escape
121
Listeria Monocytogenes effects more
10X more in pregnant women (advised not to eat products at risk)
122
Listeria Monocytogenes at higher temperatures
flagella tumbling motility
123
Listeria Monocytogenes SX in immunocompotents patients
mild flu like , gasteroenteritis (fever, headache, N,V, D) = Listeriosis
124
Listeria Monocytogenes SX in neonate and fetus
1. Granulomatous infantiseptica : granulomas in multiple organs, fatal,
2. Neonatal Meningitis : due to fecal contanimation (2-3 weeks after birth)
125
what 2 organisms can cause sepsis to pregnant women
1. Listeria Monocytogenesis
| 2. Streptococcus Group B (agalactiae)
126
Listeria Monocytogenes in immunocompromized patients
can cause meningitis (or healthy older adults) , or patients taking immunosuppressants like corticosteroids
127
3 types of diplococci gram 1 bacteria
1. Neisseria Meningitis
2. Neisseria Gonorrhea
3. Moraxella Catarrhalis
128
Neisseria Meningitis
grows on
colonizes
virulence factor
heated blood agar ("chocolate agar")
= Thayer-Martin agar, VCN Ab modified
colonizes nasopharynx
LPS endotoxin, capsule, IgA protease, pili
129
Neisseria Meningitis susceptible to
1. Neonates
2. Military recruits
3. College student
4. Asplenia (hyposplenia)
130
chocolate agar
heated lysed blood agar
131
vancomycin kills
gram +
132
Polymyxin kills
gram - except Neisseria
133
nystatin kills
fungi
134
Neisseria Meningitis has what toxin
endotoxin ----> fulminate meningococcal sepsis
135
Neisseria Meningitis SX
1. Meningitis : stiff neck , V,N, rash (small red purple lesions)
2. Meningococcemia : meningitis + specticemia
136
Neisseria Meningitis Meningococcemia
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome = bilateral adrenal hemorrhage + insufficiency, severe hypotension**, disseminated intravascular thrombosis, death
137
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
classification
grows on
gram -, diplococci
| VCN (Thayer-Martin chocolate agar)
138
Neisseria gonorrhoeae virulence factors
IgA protease
Pili (adherence)
Opa (prevent immune)
139
Neisseria gonorrhoeae SX
1. Urethritis (dyuria, discharge)
2. Acute epididymis (post testicular pain+ swelling)
3. Cervicitis : itching, discharge, ascending
4. Pelvic inflammatory disease = infection of uterus, fallopian tube, ovaries (pain)
140
Pelvic inflammatory disease can cause
Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome
= perihepatits (inflammation of liver capsule, RUQ PAIN)
- can be from Neisseria gonorrhoeae
141
Neisseria gonorrhoeae SX in infants
ophthalamia neonatorum = neonatal conjunctivitis
142
Neisseria gonorrhoeae can rarely cause what
septic arthritis
143
Moraxella catarrhalis
classification
grows on
colonizes
gram - diplococci
chocolate agar + routine blood agar
normal respiratory flora
144
Moraxella catarrhalis can cause what in
elderly
children
```
bronchopneumonia
otis media (3rd common cause)****
```
145
Enteric bacteria are classified as
| 4 classes
gram - part of normal GI flora
1. Enterobacteriacease
2. Pseudomonadaceae
3. Bacteriodaceae
4. Vibronaceae
146
Watery Diarrhea means
X invasion
1. Enterotoxigenic E. coli
2. Vibro cholera
147
Bloody Diarrhea, fever, ABD cramps means
intestinal epithelial invasion ----> death
1. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
2. Enteroinvasive E. coli
3. Shigella
148
Bloody or NO bloody (watery) Diarrhea, fever, ABD pain ----> sepsis, bacterimia means
Invasion of LNs or BS
1. Salmonella typhi
2. Yersinia enterocolitica
3. Campylobacter jejuni
149
what organisms cause GI disease
1. E. Coli (UTI, D, pneumonia, neonatal meningitis)
2. Shigella
3. Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever, osteomyelitis)
4. Yersinia enterocolitica
150
what organisms cause nosocomial infections
1. Proteus mirabilis (UTI)
2. Klebsiella pneumoniae (pneumonia)
3. Enterobacter Serratia (UTI, pneumonia)
4. E. coli (UTI)
151
nosocomial infections
from hospital, nursing home, institutional care (UTI, pneumonia)
152
what organisms ferment lactose
| where do they grow (what type of agar)
E. COLI, and many nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae
1. PINK : on MacConkey agar****
2. Dark black with metallic sheen : on EMB agar
153
E. coli
classification
colonization
virulence factor
gram - bacilli
normal flora in GI
gets virulence factor from plasmid exchange or bacteriophage
154
E. coli SX
D
Meningitis if neonatal
UTI
Pneumonia
155
Enterotoxigenic E. coli SX and most common places
watery D + ADB cramps = travelers diarrhea
| Mexico, Middle east, Africa, South America, Asia
156
Enterotoxigenic E. coli
| toxins
LT and ST toxins pulling water out + X NaCl or ion reabsorption
157
Enteroinvasive E. coli usually contracted from
contaminated food
| invades bowel = bloody D +fever
158
Enteroinvasive E. coli is similar to
Shigella
159
Enterotoxigenic E. coli is similar to
Cholera
160
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
toxins
other name for it
Shiga-like toxin = stx1 stx2 : cell death
| E. coli 0157
161
what does E. coli 0157 cause
EHEC
1. Hemolytic uremic syndrome : anemia thrombopenia, renal blood and damage = STX2*
2. Hemorrhagic colitis : bloody D, ABD cramps, fever
162
E. coli causes
in neonatal
in most women
in hospital
meningitis
UTI
pneumonia (usually weak patients)
163
Shigella
classification
colonizes
most common place to get it
gram - bacilli, non-motile
GI
preschool, nursing home, fecal oral transmission
164
Shigella SX
most common in US type
more ever type
HIGH FEVER, BLOODY D, abd cramps
S. sonnei (US)
S. dysenteriae in more severe (cell death by ----I 60S ribosome subunit)
165
Shigella toxin
Shiga toxin
166
Salmonella
classification
how do you get it
can cause or develop to what
gram - bacilli, motile, encapsulated
fecal oral transmission, contaminated food (chicken, egg, spinach)
chronic carriage in gallbladder = gallbladder adenocarcinoma (only humans)
167
Salmonella typhi
thyphoid fever, only humans
1. rose spots = bacteria emboli
2. HIGH fever (STEPWISE****)
3. diffuse colicky RUQ pain
4. bloody D
5. Delirium (typhoid encephalopathy)
168
Salmonella non-thyphoidal
in animals (handling hedgehogs, turtles)
1. N, V
2. WATERY D* (blood or no blood)
3. fever
169
Salmonella toxin
BIOFILM (which can let it hide in gallbladder)
170
Salmonella invade through
intestine
171
stepwise fever
raises at day drops each morning
| each raise getting higher
172
rose sports can also be described as
erythmatous maculopapules
173
Yersinia enterocolitica
classification
colonizes in
gram - bacilli, motile, bipolar stain
| mammals, contaminated food/water (MILK)
174
Yersinia enterocolitica SX
1. fever
2. ABD pain
3. D
4. Pseudoappendicitis (RLQ pain)
175
Proteus mirabilis
classification
what toxin
gram - bacilli, MOTILE (swarms) = concentric rings
urease = breaks down urea ----> CO2 + NH4+
= alkaline urine
= pink in urase test
176
Proteus mirabilis can have a reaction to what other organism
Rickettsia
177
Proteus mirabilis causes
UTI esp in nosocomial setting
178
Klebsiella pneumoniae
classification
common to who
gram - bacilli, ENCAPSULATED
| alcoholics + hospitilized patients
179
Klebsiella pneumoniae SX
pneumonia necrotizing = "currant jelly" sputum
can cause UTI (esp. with catheter)
high mortality rate
180
Serratia looks
red on agar
| grows in damp bathrooms, toilets and areas like that
