Immune System- Singh

Question 1

NK cells function

Answer 1

Destroy stressed or abnormal cells
(Turned off my MHC 1 expression on normal cells)
(Turned on by NKG2D receptor)

Question 2

BM

Answer 2

Primary site of hematopoiesis

B cell maturation

Question 3

Thymus

Answer 3

T-cells mature

1. Cortex ——> medulla (contacts many APCs with MHC1 MHC2)

Question 4

MALT

Answer 4

Payers patches, Adenoids, tonsils

Question 5

CD 4+

Answer 5

activate M
Inflammation
Activate + proliferation of B and T cells
MHC 2

Question 6

CD 8+

Answer 6

Killing infected cells

MHC 1

Question 7

MHC 1

Answer 7

Virus , tumor
Uncleared cells
Ag processed to peptides by proteasome —-> ER

Question 8

MHC 2

Answer 8

Extracellular Ags, (bacteria, allergens)

Processed into peptides —-> endolysosomal enzymes —-> endsomes vesicles

Question 9

HLA haplotypes can cause

Answer 9

Difference in how sick you get
Allergies
Autoimmune diseases
Important for transplantation

Question 10

B-cell differentiation

Answer 10

1. Ab secretion
2. Class switching
3. Affinity maturation
   * need CD4+ cells

Question 11

IgM

Answer 11

Biggest, pentamer

First made

Question 12

IgG

Answer 12

Longest half-life

Cross placenta

Question 13

IgA

Answer 13

Mucosal defense (sinonasal infections)
High in colostrum (secretion after birth)

Question 14

IgE

Answer 14

Short half life
Hypersensitivity
GOES TO FC receptors on MAST CELLS, BASOPHILS, EOSINOPHILS

Question 15

Colonal selection

Answer 15

Kill self recognizing cells

Question 16

A bunch of lymphocytes with exact same Ag

Answer 16

Lymphoma is happening

Question 17

Hypersensitivity:

Type 1

Answer 17

Asthma 
Anaphylaxis 
Allergy 
Urticaria )hives
Angioedema 
Lactose Intolerance

Question 18

Allergies can cause

Answer 18

Anaphylaxis
Urticaria -> hives
Angioedema

Question 19

Type 1 hypersensitivity steps

Answer 19

1. Th2 CD4
2. B cell
3. IgE made
4. IL4 (class switch), IL5 (activate eosinophils), IL13 (higher IgE)
5. IgE activates mast cells to its FceRI receptor
6. When exposed again : mast cells release = Histamine, arachodonic acid, Leukotrines, PGE, PAF

Question 20

Mast cells release substances that cause

Answer 20

Bronchoconstriction
Bowel peristalsis
Vasodilation + permeability = edema

Question 21

Type 1 hypersensitivity late phase steps

Answer 21

1. Eosinophils come, basophils, N

2. Epithelial damage

Question 22

Eosinophilic esophagitis

Answer 22

Childhood disease of type 1 hypersensitivity (more during late phase SX) to food
= massive amounts of E made
= recurrent dysphagia (hurts to swallow)
= weight loss

Question 23

DX type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 23

Skin prick test

Question 24

Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 24

1. Graves
2. RF
3. Vasulitis
4. Hemolytic anemia autoimmune
5. Thrombocytopenia purpura autoimmune
6. Goodpasture
7. Myasthenia gravis
8. Pernicious anemia
9. Insulin-resistant DM

Question 25

Type 2 hypersensitivity steps for 1st kind

Answer 25

Opsonizing and phagocytosis C3b = gets rid of cells

Question 26

Type 2 hypersensitivity steps for kind 2

Answer 26

Inflammation when Fc R is bound and activates complement | (Streptococcus, BM proteins)= damage tissue

Question 27

Type 2 hypersensitivity steps for kind 3

Answer 27

Ab mediated causing cellular dysfunction = disrupted endocrine signaling = disrupted dneural signaling

Question 28

Type 2 hypersensitivity kind 1

Answer 28

Anemia | Thrombocytopenia

Question 29

Type 2 hypersensitivity kind 2

Answer 29

Goodpasture Acute Rheumatic Fever Vasculitis

Question 30

Type 2 hypersensitivity kind 3

Answer 30

Insulin- resistant DM Myasthenia gravis Graves (hyperthyroidism)

Question 31

Rheumatic heart

Answer 31

Streptococcus infection, Ab made and cross react and react with similar looking Ab on the myocardium = scarring of tissue

Question 32

Type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 32

Ab-Ag complexes form no deposit, causing damage Usually surface of BVs, skin ,kidney, heart, lungs, joint Platelet aggregation

Question 33

Serum sickness

Answer 33

Acute rash, fever, joint pain from Serum given to someone with diphtheria antitoxin and it forms Ab-Ag complexes that deposit

Question 34

Type 3 hypersensitivity EX

Answer 34

``` SLE Arthus reaction (rabbits injected with horse serum, rare to vaccination at local spot) ```

Question 35

How to see if there is kidney damage to type 3, type 2

Answer 35

Immunofluorescence = inject dye that is an Ab that binds to all Ab-Ag complexes (specifically Ab part) and you can see how much of kidney biopsy lights up (glomerulus)

Question 36

Immunofluroescent staining of glomerulus causing smooth linear dye stain is a

Answer 36

Type 2 hypersensitivity | = Goodpasture syndrome

Question 37

Immunofluorescence of glomerulus forming a Grainy, granular dye stain is a

Answer 37

Type 3 hypersensitivity = lupus nephritis = poststeptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 38

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 38

T-cells CD4+ (cytokines, inflammation) CD8+ (activated by Ag on cells)

Question 39

Type 4 hypersensitivity EX

Answer 39

``` T1D (t-cells attack B cells in pancreas) Immune granuloma formation MS IBS Dermatitis RA TB ```

Question 40

Testing of TB

Answer 40

Injection of PPD seeing if T-cells have been exposed | = Manthoux test

Question 41

Type 4 hypersensitivity are

Answer 41

Delayed type