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CMBM E3 CB > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia lambia treatment

exam question

A

Metronidazole or other azole

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2
Q

Toxoplasma gondii treatment

A

Spiromycin or Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine

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3
Q

Schistosomes treatment

A

Praziquantel

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4
Q

Filariasis treatment

A
  1. Ivermectin

2. Diethylcarbamazine

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5
Q

Babesia microti treatment

A
  1. Clindamycin + quinone

2. Atovaquone + azithromycin

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6
Q

Cestodes/trematodes treatment

A

Praziquantel

Albendazole, etc

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7
Q

Nematodes treatment

A
  1. Albendazole
  2. Pyrantel pamoate
  3. Ivermectin
  4. Diethylcarbamazine
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8
Q

95% of malaria deaths are due to _____

A

P. falciparum

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9
Q

Calling card of malaria

A

Flu-like symptoms

Cyclic high fever/chills/rigors every 48-72 hours

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10
Q

Which Plasmodium sp. is most prevalent?

A

P. vivax

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11
Q

What is significant about P. vivax and P. ovale?

A

Contain a latent form of the parasite found in the liver, which can cause relapse. Require additional treatment with Primaquine.

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12
Q

Cardiomegaly occurs in 1/3 of patients affected with which parasite?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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13
Q

What animal is the most likely source of Trichinella infection to humans in the U.S.?

A

Bear

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14
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

The host in which the mature or sexually mature parasite lives

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15
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

The organism in which the parasite develops

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16
Q

What is a trophozoite?

A

Metabolically active, usually motile stage. Replication.

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17
Q

What is a cyst?

A

Non-motile form of parasite, protected by a membrane. Infective stage.

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18
Q

What is a vector?

A

A living carrier that transports the parasite from infected to non-infected host.

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19
Q

How do protozoa reproduce?

A

Budding, schizogony, sexually

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20
Q

What is schizogony?

A

Multiple divisions of the nucleus before cell division

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21
Q

What is significant about Entamoeba histolytica?

A

It is an invasive organism.

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22
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted by ______, but not by ______.

A

Contaminated water / undercooked meat

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23
Q

Structural significance of Entamoeba histolytica cyst

A

4 nuclei

Thick wall

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24
Q

Calling card of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Inflammation – deep and then lateral, causing “tear-drop, flask-shaped” ulcers

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25
Q

Major clinical manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica

A

Watery stools containing mucus and blood
Ulcers
Hepatic infection/abscess

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26
Q

Giardia lamblia reservoir

A

Humans and animals

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27
Q

Giardia lamblia associated with what conditions?

A

Crowded conditions–prisons, daycares, etc

28
Q

Giardia lamblia transmission

A

Fecal-oral / contaminated water

29
Q

Giardia lamblia trophozoite structure

exam question

A

2 prominent nuclei
Ventral sucking disk
4 pairs of flagella
Pear-shaped

30
Q

Which parasite is highly resistant to chlorine, and is therefore associated with swimming pools?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

31
Q

Clinical manifestations of Cryptosporidium parvum in immunocompromised patients

A

Horrific diarrhea – 50+ stools per day
Dehydration

This can last for months or years.

32
Q

Which parasite commonly infects AIDS patients?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

33
Q

Treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum

A

No effective therapy

Azithromycin may be used (hit or miss)

34
Q

Which parasite is commonly lethal to AIDS patients?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

35
Q

What is significant about Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

Its oocytes are acid fast

Used to confirm presence in feces

36
Q

What is a kinetoplast?

A

The DNA-containing mitochondria of Trypanosoma

37
Q

How is Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted?

A

Reduviid bug – kissing bug

38
Q

What does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?

A

Chagas disease

39
Q

How do you become infected by Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Kissing bug lands on you, bites and poops on you. You scratch the bite and rub the feces into the wound. This causes inflammation at the site of infection –> Chagoma.

40
Q

What is Romana’s sign and what does it signal?

A

Painless periorbital swelling. Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.

41
Q

Common chronic implication of Trypanosoma cruzi

exam question

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

42
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi treatment

YNTKT

A

Nifurtimox

43
Q

How is Trypanosoma brucei transmitted?

A

Bite by TseTse Fly

44
Q

What is the calling card of Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Winterbottom’s sign –> Enlargement of cervical lymph

Somnolence

45
Q

Trypanosoma brucei treatment

A

Suramin

Pentimidine

46
Q

Leishmania vector

YNTKT

A

Sandfly

47
Q

Leishmania treatment

YNTKT

A

Sodium stibogluconate

Pentamidine

48
Q

Calling card of Leishmania

A

Disfiguring, ulcerative lesions with necrotic tissue in the middle

49
Q

Cestode characteristics

A

Segmented (YNTKT)
No body cavity or digestive tube
Hermaphroditic
Oral sucker, botridias, double hooks

50
Q

Trematode characteristics

A 
Unsegmented
No body cavity
Digestive tube ends in cecum
Hermaphroditic (except Schistoma)
Oral and ventral suckers
51
Q

Nematode characteristics

A 
Cylindrical
Body cavity
Digestive tube ends in anus
Dioecious
Lips, teeth, filariform extremities, dentary plates
52
Q

What are the Cestodes?

A

Taenia and other tapeworms

53
Q

What is a scolex?

A

Head of a cestode

54
Q

Taenia solium structure

YNTKT

A

Scolex with 4 suckers and a circle of hooklets

55
Q

Which parasitic infection can lead to megaloblastic anemia?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum (cestode)

56
Q

What is the most common tapeworm in the U.S.?

A

Hymenolepsis nana –> only human tapeworm to complete its cycle in one host

57
Q

How is Hymenolepsis nana different from other cestodes?

A

Both larval and adult forms may be found in man

58
Q

Clinical manifestations of Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

A

Pot belly
Pica
Finger clubbing
Black stool

59
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale transmission

YNTKT

A

Larvae can penetrate skin –> associated with walking barefoot
NOT INGESTED

60
Q

Parasitic infection caused by walking/running barefoot

A

Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale)

61
Q

Calling card of Enterobius vermicularis infection

A

Perianal itching

62
Q

What does Trichuris trichiura cause?

A

Prolapsed rectum in severe cases

63
Q

How is Oncocera volvulus transmitted?

A

Black fly

64
Q

Oncocera volvulus treatment

YNTKT

A

Ivermectin

65
Q

Colloquial name for Dracunculus medinensis

A

Guinea Fire Worm Disease

66
Q

What is the intermediate host for all trematodes?

YNTKT

A

Snails

67
Q

What is the infective stage of flukes?

A

Metacercariae

CMBM E3 CB (12 decks)

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