Microbiome

Question 1

All the microorganisms inhabiting a human body, including viruses, prokaryotes, protozoa, fungi

Answer 1

Microbiota

Question 2

Estimate of cells in the human microbiota

Answer 2

1018 cells

Question 3

How many bacterial cells are in the human body?

Answer 3

Almost as many as human cells

Question 4

What may flip the ratio of human/bacterial cells?

Answer 4

Each defecation event

Question 5

What abolished mating preference in Drosophila and what does this suggest?

Answer 5

Antibiotic treatment, suggesting that the fly microbiota was responsible for the phenomenon.

Question 6

What does the Drosophila study suggest in humans?

Answer 6

Microbiota can affect our behavior and brain development.

Question 7

The full complement of all proteins

Answer 7

Proteome

Question 8

Complete coding region of a genome

Answer 8

Exome

Question 9

All possible microbes living in a particular niche

Answer 9

Microbiota

Question 10

Genes from all possible microbes living in a particular niche

Answer 10

Microbiome

Question 11

A set of features shared across all or the vast majority of gut microbiomes

Answer 11

Core human gut microbiome

Question 12

In the human microbiome, how many unique genes are there compared to the human genome?

Answer 12

100x more unique genes than human genome (which has about 20,000)

Question 13

The pool of genes commonly found in a community

Answer 13

Core metagenome

Question 14

Techniques to study diversity of the microbiota

Answer 14

FISH
T-RFLP
PCR
Phylogenetic microarray
Pyrosequencing

Question 15

Problems in studying metagenome of the GI tract

Answer 15

Contamination from consumed microbes
Artifacts of assay technique
Sampling – fecal vs. intestinal biopsy
Spatial/temporal variability is not yet clear
Standardization among different groups for methods of study and reporting the ‘microbiota’ of a patient

Question 16

What is probiogenomics designed to identify?

Answer 16

The genetic determinants involved in the health promoting effects of probiotic bacteria

Question 17

Clusters of bacterial species that are shared among different groups of people

Answer 17

Enterotypes

Question 18

Enterotypes are an important potential source of _________

Answer 18

Diagnostic biomarkers – 12 bacterial genes significantly correlate with human age, and three groups of genes correlate with BMI

Question 19

What is dysbiosis?

Answer 19

Abnormal microbial ecosystem in host

Question 20

_______ are also permanent residents of the microbiota and have the potential to induce pathology.

Answer 20

Pathobionts

Question 21

The microbiota plays a critical role in what immune-related process?

Answer 21

Secondary lymphoid structure development

Question 22

How does gut bacteria relate to the immune system?

Answer 22

Gut bacteria are an important factor not only in development of gut immune system but even structure

Question 23

Results of the pAOS study

I am v convinced this will be a question

Answer 23

Diet enriched by pAOS resulted in increased bacterial clearance in the lungs and increased production of butyrate and propionate.

Question 24

The LDP study showed that ________ can determine long-term host metabolic effects.

Answer 24

Microbiota interactions in infancy

Question 25

Results of the LDP study

Could be a question

Answer 25

These studies provide evidence that LDP exposure enhances the HFD metabolic effects. These effects can be life-long and transmissible to another mouse by transferring the microbiota.

Question 26

How has bacteria been related to tumor growth?

Answer 26

Indirect mechanisms involving chronic activation of the immune system

Question 27

How is obesity an example of dysbiosis?

Dysbiaquestion I’m pretty sure

Answer 27

Microbiota increase serum levels of glucose and SCFAs

Gut microbiota regulates angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Angptl4 aka Fiaf), an important gut-derived regulator of host lipid metabolism

Gut bacteria can initiate the inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity

Microbial regulation of host genes that promote deposition of the lipids in adipocytes

Question 28

Fecal transplantation (IMT) resolved C. diff infections in what percentage of cases?

Answer 28

92%