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Unit 3 Micro and Immunology > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different classes of parasites?

A

1- Protozoa

2- Helminthes

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2
Q

What are protozoa?

A

microscopic single cell eukaryotes with an active replicating form and an inactive state

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3
Q

What is the replicating form of a protazoa?

A

trophozoite

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4
Q

What is the inactive state of a protozoa?

A

cyst

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5
Q

Which form of protozoa is infective to humans?

A

cyts

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6
Q

What are the 4 classes of protozoa and how are these classifications made?

A

Classifications made by method of locomotion:

1- amoebas
2- flagellates
3- cillates
4- sporozoans

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7
Q

What type of locomotion do amoebas have?

A

psuedopod locomotion

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8
Q

What is the main amoeba pathogen?

A

E. histolytica

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9
Q

What is the means of locomotion for flagellates?

A

Flagella

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10
Q

What is the means of locomotion for cilliates?

A

cilia

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11
Q

What is the means of locomotion for sporozoans?

A

these parasites do not have any method of locomotion

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12
Q

What is an important sporozoan?

A

the Plasmodium species

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13
Q

What are helminthes?

A

multicellular organisms with organ systems and reproductive structures

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14
Q

How are helmiths classified and what are the classes?

A

They are classified according to structure:

1- Cestodes
2- Nematodes

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15
Q

What is characteristic of cestodes?

A

they are flatworms usually acquired though ingestion of contaminated food

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16
Q

What are nematodes?

A

they are round worms that can be free living or can cause intestinal disease

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17
Q

Which species causes malarial disease? Which one causes the most disease?

A

Plasmodium species (a type of sporozoan)

P. falciparum and P. vivax case the most disease

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18
Q

What genetic disease gives protection against malaria?

A

HbS and HbC give immunity to P. falciform

Individuals lacking the Duffy antigen are resistant to P. vivax

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19
Q

Explain the life cycle of Plasmodium

A

1- Mosquitos inject sporozoites into humans
2– Sporozoites travel and infect hepatocytes
3- Liver stage= 1-2 weeks
4- Hepatocytes rupture
5- Merozoites infect RBC
6- Merozoites multiply and mature into schizonts 7- Rupture the red blood cell releasing the
schizonts into the bloodstream
8- Infect other red blood cells.

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20
Q

What is diagnostic of the different forms of malaria?

A

The length of each of the phases of the life cycle and they symptoms associated with the phase. The symptoms come in a cycle and the pattern of the cycle is indicative of the malarial species

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21
Q

Which malaria is the most acute and sever?

A

P. falciform

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22
Q

What is particular to the pathogenesis of P. falciform?

A

The ability of the pathogen to sequester in the deep venous vasculature

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23
Q

What is an important factor to the pathogenesis of P. falciform? What is the significance?

A

P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP-1) is central to malaria pathogenesis
which is expressed on the infected red blood cells.

These proteins have knobs that adhere to host molecules (CD36)

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24
Q

Where is leishmania species typically found?

A

tropical and subtropical regions

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25
Q

How is leischmaniasis transmitted?

A

bit from a sand fly

26
Q

What are the different forms of leischmaniasis?

A

1- Cutaneous
2- visceral
3- mucosal

27
Q

What is distinctive about cutaneous leischmaniasis?

A

Skin sores that develop within a few weeks/ months after the bites

28
Q

What is distinctive about visceral leischmaniasis?

A

Usually effects the spleen, lever, and bone marrow. Develops within a few months of the bite

29
Q

What is distinctive about mucosal leischmaniasis?

A

This form can be a sequela (consequence)

of infection with some of the species (types) of the parasite that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis

30
Q

Which parasite causes Chaga’s diease/ African Sleeping Sickness?

A

Trypanosoma species

31
Q

How is Trypanosoma species transmitted?

A

kissing bugs

32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of chagas disease?

A

Occurs immediately after infection and may last up to a few weeks or months, and parasites may be found in the circulating blood (not in cells)

Fever or swelling around the site of
inoculation (where the parasite entered into the skin or mucous membrane) - usually around a child’s eye.

Many die from this disease

33
Q

How is babesia microti transmitted?

A

tick

34
Q

What are the symptoms of a B. microti infection?

A

Nonspecific, and develop 1 to 6 weeks after the bite

35
Q

What are some common intestinal at GU Parasitic infections?

A

Glariasis
Cryptospoiridiosis
Amebiasis
Trichomonas vaginalis

36
Q

What flagellated protozoan causes Giardiasis?

A

Giardia lamblia

37
Q

What is the pathogenesis and symptoms of a Giardia lamblia infection?

A

1- injections of cytsts in contaminated water, person-to-person, and foodborne

2- acute or chronic diarrhea, cramps, bloating and flatulence

38
Q

How is Giardia lamblia diagnosed?

A

cyst presence in the stool or Giardia antigen in the stool

39
Q

How is cryptosprodium transmitted?

A

ingestion of oocytes

40
Q

Why is it difficult to get rid of crtptospridium oocytes?

A

they are resistant to chlorination—so they stay in the water supply in the US and in swimming pools

41
Q

What are the pathogenesis of cryptosprodiosis?

A

1- causes diahhheal disease
2- symptoms begin 210 days after infection
3- symtoms last 1-2 weeks in immunocompetent people

42
Q

What is the pathogenesis of E. histologica?

A

Amebic diarrhea without dysentery is the most common disease manifestation of infection with E. histolytica.

A more severe form of infection is an amebic liver abscess. Liver abscess can manifest acutely (with fever and right upper abdominal tenderness and pain) or subacutely (with prominent weight loss and less frequent fever and abdominal pain).

43
Q

What is the only natural host of T. vaginalis?

A

humans

44
Q

How is T. vaginalis typically transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

45
Q

What are the symptoms of T. vaginalis?

A

Symptoms in women include vaginal discharge, pruritus, and irritation.

Almost 50% of all women with T. vaginalis are asymptomatic. In men, the infection is usually asymptomatic

46
Q

What are the common intestinal nematode infections?

A 
Ascariasis
Whipworm infection
Hookworm infection
Enteroblasis
Intestinal Cestodes (Tapeworms)
47
Q

What is the most common helminthic infection?

A

Ascaris lumbricides

48
Q

What does the Ascaris lumbricides infect in the human host?

A

Small intestine (jejunum)

49
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Ascaris lumbricides?

A

1- ingestion of eggs
2- eggs hatch and release larvae
3- larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to the liver and heart
4- then go to lungs
5- are then swallowed and return to the small intestines where they develop into mature worms

50
Q

What are the symptoms of a Ascaris lumbricides infection?

A

Usually asymptomatic but may have pulmonary symptoms and immune mediated hypersensitivity response.

51
Q

How is whipworm contracted?

A

soil exposure

52
Q

What is the pathogenesis of whipworms?

A

The eggs are shed in the stool where they undergo maturation.

After ingestion the eggs hatches in the GI
track and matures to an adult worm.

The adult worm lives for 1 - 3 years.

Heavy infection occurs in the distal portion of the colon and may lead to rectal prolapse - which can be recurring.

53
Q

How is Hookworm transmitted?

A

soil, usually i areas where human feces are used as fertilizer

54
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hookworms?

A

Eggs are passed in the stool into soil and they hatch

The released larvae grow in the feces and/or the soil and mature and are infective.

On contact with the human host, the larvae penetrate the skin (usually the bottom of the foot) and are carried through the blood vessels to the heart and then to the lungs.

They penetrate into the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed.

The larvae reach the small intestine, where they
reside and mature into adults.

55
Q

What is the human pinworm?

A

enterobiasts

56
Q

What is the most common infectious worm in the united states? Most notably in school children and daycare workers?

A

Enterobiasis vermicularis

57
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pinworm?

A

A person is infected with pinworms by ingesting pinworm eggs either directly or indirectly.

The eggs are deposited around the anus by the worm - the adult female worm migrates to the colon and lays eggs around the anus at night, when many of their hosts are asleep.

The most common clinical manifestation of a pinworm infection is an itchy anal region

58
Q

What is a tapeworm?

A

Intestinal cestodes

59
Q

What do tapeworms look like?

A

flat segmented worms that live in the intestines of some animals

60
Q

How are tapeworms contracted?

A

eating undercooked meat from infected animals is the main cause in humans

most notably pork, beef, and fish

61
Q

What is the tapeworm life cycle?

A

Cows and pigs become infected after feeding in areas that are contaminated with Taenia eggs from human feces.

Once inside the cow or pig, the Taenia eggs hatch in the animal’s intestine and migrate to striated muscle to develop into cysticerci.

Humans become infected with tapeworms when they eat raw or undercooked beef or pork containing infective cysticerci.

Once inside humans, Taenia cysticerci migrate to the small intestine and mature to adult tapeworms, which produce segments and eggs that are passed in feces.

Once eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestine, invade the intestinal wall, and migrate to striated muscles, as well as the brain, liver, and other tissues, where they develop into cysticerci.

In humans, cysts can cause serious sequellae if they localize in the brain, resulting in neurocysticercosis

Unit 3 Micro and Immunology (25 decks)

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