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Unit 3 Micro and Immunology > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two methods used to get bacteria into a phagocyte?

A

1- Direct receptor

2- Compliment

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2
Q

What are the three means of innate immunity?

A

Mechanical, chemical, microbiological

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3
Q

What is an endotoxin?

A

A component of gram - bacteria cell walls

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4
Q

What is the immunological effect of endotoxins?

A

gram negative sepsis if it happens at a systemic level

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5
Q

What end of the endotoxin contains the “toxin”?

A

The hydrophobic lipid rich end

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6
Q

Which end of the endotoxin is usually antigenic?

A

hydrophilic polysaccharide rich end

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7
Q

How are endotoxins destroyed?

A

baking at a high temperature

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8
Q

What is IL-1?

A

Interleukin 1

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9
Q

What effects does IL-1 mediate?

A

1- activate vascular endothelium
2-activated lymphocytes
3- Local tissue distruction
4- increase accessof effector cells (makes vessels leaky)

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10
Q

What are the side effects of IL-1?

A

1- Fever

2- Production of IL-6

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11
Q

What induces IL-1?

A

TNF- alpha

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12
Q

What are the local effects of TNF-alpha?

A

Activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability

Increased entry of complument and cells to tissues.

Increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes

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13
Q

What are the systemic effects of TN-alpha?

A

Fever

Mobilization of metabolites

Shock

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14
Q

Where is the overlap in function between TNF-alpha and IL-1?

A

Stimulation of B cells

Inducing Fever

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15
Q

What cell receptor binds LPS?

A

CD14

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16
Q

What TLR interacts with CD14?

A

TLR4

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17
Q

What do superantigens induce?

A

Through non-specific crosslinking, superantigens induce TNF-alpha and IL-1

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18
Q

What is the compliment system?

A

A complex system of sequentially interacting serum proteins

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19
Q

What does the compliment system result in?

A

cell lysis

increased phagocytosis

functional stimulation of macrophages

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20
Q

What is the goal of the compliment system?

A

Cleavage of C3

21
Q

What is the membrane attack complex?

A

C5-C9 components

22
Q

What do membrane attack complexes achieve?

A

Lysis of the target cell

23
Q

What pathway is C1 involved in?

A

Classical pathway

24
Q

What is the structure of C1?

A

3 proteins non covalently bound to one another

25
Q

What does C1 bind more readily, IgG or IgM?

A

IgM binds more readily. Need 100X more IgG to trigger compliment.

26
Q

What does C1s cleave?

A

C4 and C2

27
Q

What happends to C4b once C4 is cleaved?

A

It becomes covalently attached to the microbial surface

28
Q

What does C2a bind to?

A

It binds to C4b

29
Q

What is the function of the C4bC2a complex?

A

cleave C3

30
Q

Where does C3b go when it is cleaved?

A

accumulates of the micobial surface

31
Q

in the alternative pathway, C3b on the cell surface binds what?

A

It binds D

32
Q

What does D cleave?

A

It cleaves B

33
Q

Which subunit of B stays attached to C3b?

A

Bb

34
Q

For the classical pathway, what is the C3 convertase?

A

C4bC2a

35
Q

For the alternative pathway, what is the C3 convertase?

A

C3bBb

36
Q

What needs to happen for both pathways to be activated?

A

C1 needs to bind antibody

37
Q

What does the deposition of C3b lead to?

A

Opsonization

Clearance of Immune complexes

38
Q

What has the ability to stabilize the C4bC2a complex on the cell surface?

A

properdin

39
Q

What inactivates C3b

A

Factor H and Factor I

40
Q

What disrupts the C3bBb convertase?

A

DAF and MCP

41
Q

How does the compliment system destroy immune complexes?

A

C1 binds and then eventually the immune complex gets coated with C3b

42
Q

Where does destruction of the immune complexes occur?

A

In the liver and the spleen

43
Q

What is the function of C5a?

A

it is a critically important chemoattractor that causes more leukocytes to come to the area

44
Q

What allows for the formation of C5a?

A

Classical: C4bC2aC2b binds and cleaves C5

Alternative: C3bBbC3b binds and cleaves C5

45
Q

What does C5b do?

A

Begins the lytic pathway and attracts other factors (C6-C9) that poke holes in the membrane to form a pore

46
Q

Which two factors act on blood vessel permeability?

A

C3a and C5a

47
Q

What has the ability to inhibit C1?

A

C1INH

48
Q

Which deficiencies are more severe?

A

Alternative (C3 or another althernative pathway factors)

49
Q

If missing C1 what is an individual unable to do?

A

Clear antibody complexes

Unit 3 Micro and Immunology (25 decks)

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