Parasite Blood Infections (10) Flashcards by Erin Allmer

Why is Africa most effected by malaria?

A mosquito that s a very effective vector
P. falciparum is the predominant species
Local weather conditions
Scarce resources/ socioeconomic factors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vector for malaria?

Anophels mosquito

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans?

P. falciparum
P, vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale

P. knowlesi (but predominantly in monkeys)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most deadly plasmodium species?

P. falciparum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the genetic/ immunologic factors that offer protection against malaria?

1- Duffy Antigen Negative

2- HE

3- Sickle Cell Trait

4- Thalassemias

5- G6PD deficiency

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

T/F: The lifecycle of plasmodium requires specialozed protein expression in the verebrate host only

False…specialized protein expression is required in both the vertebrate and invertebrate host

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 reproductive phases of plasmodium in human hosts?

Pre-erythrocytic/ tissue

Erythrocytic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After the bite of an infected mosquito, what happens in humans to establish a malarial infection?

Within 1 hour the sporozotes enter hepaocytes and begin to divide into exoerythrocytic merozoites.

When merozoites leave the lover they infect erythrocytes and develop into trophozoites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are parasites called when they start to divide in the RBCs?

Schizonts (and they consist of many daughter merozoites)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pathology of malaria are mostly due to….

hemolytic anemia and impaired microcirculation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes the anemia in malaria?

Rupture of parasitized eythrocytes

Removal of parasitized and unparasitized RBCs by the spleen

Capillary sequestration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Incubation period of the following..

P. falciparumP. falciparum
P, vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale
P. knowlesi

P. falciparum–> 9-14 days

P, vivax–> 12-18 days

P. malariae–can be months

P. ovale–> 12-18 days

P. knowlesi–> 11-12 days

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prodrome of malaria?

Fever, HA, diaphoresis, N/V

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Length of malarial paroxysm of vivax, ovale, and falciparum?

48 Hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Length of malarial paroxysm of malariae?

72 hours

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How long does it take to establish malarial paroxysm?

About 1 week

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 3 stages of malarial paroxysm?

Cold stage: RBC rupture

Host stage: Cytokine response

Sweating stage: Parasite in new RBC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is relapse seen in all types of malaria?

Not in falciparum and malariae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes relapse malaria?

Reactivation of infection via hyponozoites (which can last for 30 years)–> the sporozoites invade hepatocytes and over time the hepatocytes rupture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is recrudescence seen in all types of malaria?

Yes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is recruidescence?

Study These Flashcards

Parasitemia falls below detectable levels, later to increase to a detectable parasitemia

What are the major complications of P. falciparum infection?

Study These Flashcards

1-Metabolic acidosis
2- Pulmonary edema/ respiratory distress
3- Hypoglucemia
4- Anemia

What causes pulmonary edema in P. falciparum infections?

Study These Flashcards

Sequestration of infected RBCs in the lungs leads to inflammaotry cytokines and increased capillary permeabilit

What is PfEMP-1?

Study These Flashcards

An antigen of P. falciparum that covers infected RBCs.

It is recognized by CD36 and condroitin sulfate A.

What does PfEMP-1 do?

Mediates sequestration by microvascular endothelial cells and placenta

What 2 conditions can PfEMP-1 lead to?

Cerebral malaria--> cytoadherarence of infected RBCs and sequestration of infected RBCs in the brain, which leads to the breakdown of the BBB Placental malaria--> accumulation of infected RBCs and monocytes in the placenta which leads to a imune response and early labor

What is specific to P. vivax and P. ovale infections?

They prefer reticulocytes and there is no RBC sequestration

What is specific to P. malariae infections?

Prefer older RBCs and patients present with proteinuria or nephrotic syndrome

Vector for Babesia?

Ixodid ticks

Clinical presentation of babesia?

NorthEastern US: similar to P. vivax Midwest/ Western US: fulminate, febrile, hemolytic disease

Describe the life cycle of babesia?

Requires a biological stage in a rodent or deer host: Ticks introduce sporozoites into rodent when taking a blood meal Sporozoites enter RBC and begin cyclical development between trophozoites and merozoites Some merozoites produce gametocytes which ticks take up when attache for blood meal Gametocytes fertilize gut of the tick and develop into sporozoites in the salivary glands

What is the distribution of babesia?

Same as lyme

How is babesia treated?

Clindamycin if it doesnt resolve on its own

What do erhlicia and anaplasma infect? What transmits them?

Tick transmits them and they infect WBCs

Symptoms of anaplamsa?

Fever, chills, HA, myalgia, Add pain, cough, myalgia Serious: difficulty breathing, renal failure, neuro problems

Symptoms of erhlichia?

Neuro manifestations possible, pancytopenia

Which parasite causes Chagas disease?

Trypanosoma cruzi

What transmits chagas disease?

Reduviid bug (kissing bud) or tsetse fly

What is a typical presenting sign of chagas?

Roman's sign--> swelling of the eyelid near bite or where bug feces was rubbed into eye

Clinical features of acute chagas?

lasts 4-8 weeks asymptomatic or self limiting febrile illness IgM and IgG present

Clinical features of chronic chagas?

10-30 years after initial infection involvement of heart (chagas heart disease), esophagus (megaesophagus), colon (megacolon), or a combo IgG only is present (no IgM)

What is chagas heart disease?

insidious myocarditis impairment of contractile function and deletion of the chambes sudden death posible

What causes toxoplasmosis?

Toxoplasma gondii

How is toxoplasmosis contracted?

Foodborne illness--> consumption of infected tissue or fecal matter by naive feline--> they then shed infected ooytes-->people then become infected by eating food/ water contaminated with feline fecal matter

Toxoplasmosis symptoms in healthy, nonpregnant people?

No symptoms b/c immune response Flu like symptoms Parasite can remain in inactive state and be reactivated if immunosuppressed

Symptoms of congenital toxoplasmosis?

Results from a primary infection of the mother during pregnancy symptoms depend on the trimester Can have sequele later in life (developmental issues)

Symptoms of toxoplasmosis in the immunosuppressed?

Neuro symtoms, fever, N/V, HA ** leading cause of focal CNA diseae in AIDS

What speads leishmania?

Sand flies

What are the 3 manifestations of leishmania?

Cutaneous: skin ulcers Mucocutaneous: destruction of mucosa of mouth, nose, pharynx Visceral: fever, weightloss, hepatosplenomegaly

What causes lymphatic flariasis?

Several different agents

Clinical features of lymphatic flariasis?

Lymphatic destruction Elephantitis of lower extremities

Parasite Blood Infections (10) Flashcards

(51 cards)