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Papilloma Flashcards

1
Q

What is a koilocyte (Welle, Maulidn, JPC)

A

swollen keratinocytes with eosinophilic to lightly basophilic cytoplasm and perinuclear halo
-can have multiple nuceli

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2
Q

Name viral cytopathic effects papilloma (JPC)

A
  1. Koilocytes
  2. Intranuclear inclusion bodies
  3. Large, irregular keratohyalin granules (in exophytic types)
  4. Variable degress of ortho/para HK
  5. Degenerating KC with eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions (represent aggregates of keratin)- may be confused with POX!
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3
Q

How are papillomaviruses sperad

A
  1. Transplacental (FcPV-a in almost all cats from early in life)
  2. Fomites (direct and indirect contact)
  3. Skin abrasions
  4. bovine- arthropod, vertical, blood
  5. horse-flies, miking machines + co factors: malnutrition, hormonal imbalance, mutations, long term exposure to sunlight
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4
Q

Name 3 genera

A
  1. Lambda
  2. Tau
  3. Chi
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5
Q

What are the predispositions /predilections

A
  1. IgA deficiency- oral papillomatosis
  2. GC, chemotherapy
    Predilection in old animals (accumulations of spontaneous mutations throughout life)
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6
Q

Which proteins are involved in malignant transformation

A
  1. p53
  2. p16
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7
Q

How does the infection occur

A
  1. Microtrauma allows PV to intreact with BM
  2. PV enters cells after binding to alpha 6 integrin - infects KRT in SB
  3. Basal cell replication- episomal DNA spread through basal cell population and maintain infection, during this phase normal epithelial regulation not altered, infection is asymptomatic, non-infective
  4. PV to complete the life cycle - in a basal cell that undergoes terminal differentiation
  5. Replication of PV DNA dependent on host nucelus
    -key feature: ability to prevent cells from leaving the S phase (where DNA replicate , ensure that KC keep dividing, amplifies infection because every divided KC will be infected
  6. genome replication in SS and SG
  7. release new infection in keratinized squames - achantosis, HK, koilocytes in SS, giant KH granules in SG
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8
Q

PV- induced cancer. What is the critical step

A

integration od E6 and E7 genes (proteins- oncogenes) in host DNA

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9
Q

Where are early genes expressed

A

in basal and suprabasal layers

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10
Q

Where are late genes expressed

A

in SS and SG

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11
Q

Where are virions expressed

A

-upper SG and SC

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12
Q

How are infective viruses spread

A

-released due to normal cell death

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13
Q

What are the methods of evading immune system (ch infections)

A
  1. infection of immune privileged site (epidermis, HF)
  2. no idnuction of type I IFN of infected KC by CPV-2
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14
Q

Name 3 components of genes

A
  1. Early genes (E7)
  2. Late genes (L2)
  3. LCR - long control region
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15
Q

What are the oncogens

A

E5,E6,E7

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16
Q

What is the function of E1, E2

A

-regulation of viral DNA replication

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17
Q

Function of E3

A

modulates immune response of infected cells

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18
Q

Function of E4

A

disrupt cytokeratins facilitating viral release (viral replication)

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19
Q

Function of E5

A

BPV-1, BPV-2
-inhibits intercellular communication through gap junctions
-activates PDGF receptor
-down regulates MCH-1
-interactions with growth factors

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20
Q

functions of E6 and E7

A

= cell proliferation and immortalization
E6-disrupts focal adhesions, degrade p53 (accumulate various mutations)
E7-cell growth, chromosomal instability, , inhibit retinoblastoma (Rb): important tumor suppressor protein

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21
Q

What is function of late genes

A

=coded in SS and SG
L1, L2- genes encode for viral capid protein
L1- major capsid protein highly immunogenic, used to classify PV in genera

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22
Q

What are LCR (long control region)

A

-does not code proteins
-regulates viral gene transcription (when and which genes are necessary in the process of infections)

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23
Q

How can dg be made

A
  1. PCR
  2. In situ hybridization
  3. EM
  4. Rolling circle amplification
  5. IHC
  6. Histo
  7. Clinical examination
  8. Blot: southern, dot, reverse
24
Q

How is IHC used for dg PV

A

-SG: Ab detect L1 protein or increased p16
-L1 protein forms the capsid- largely produced in late process of viral repilcation
-rarely present in advanced BISC or in PV + SCC

25
DDX in dogs
1. IKA 2. trichofolliculoma 3. cutaneous horn 4. lentigo 5. melanocytic neoplasms
26
DDX in cats
1. MCT 2. cutaneous horn 3. dilated pore of Winer 4. melanocytic neoplasms
27
How can you differentiate pathogenic PV and asymptomatic infection in lesions of other etiology
p 16 protein expression + in PV induced skin lesions
28
In bovine which animals usually develop disease
-young cattle -usually regress, may lead to neoplasia + environmnetal cofactors ch ingestion of bracken fern ( Pteris aquilina) ch immunosupressed animals infection with BVDV
29
Which PV cause oral papilomas in dogs
CPV-1 (SCC) , 3, 13
30
What are associations for development of oral papilomas in dogs
1. IgA deficiency (beagle) 2. GC: severe oral + generalized cutaneous in young Shar Pei 3. CsA- anecdotal 4. chemotherapy 5. Imunosupressive th? 6. UV radiation?
31
Which PV cause exophtic papilloma in dogs
CPV-1, 2, 7, 14
32
Which breeds are predisposed to exophtic PV and age ?
1. Kerry blue 2. Cocker 3. CsA + OLDER DOGS + can udergo sponatenous remission
33
What are recommedned treatments for exophytic PV in dogs
1. 4-fluorouracil topical 2. imiquimod 3. oral etretinate
34
Which PV are associated with generalised verrucosis PV
CPV-2, 9
35
Which PV are associated with inverted papiloma and which is associated with SCC
CPV-1, 2, 6 CPV-2 SCC
36
Which PV are associted with feline cutaneous papilloma
FcPV-1 -melanocytic macules-> HK pigmnted plaques, greasy -2 Persian cats /immunosompromised
37
How are caprine cutaneous PV manifested
1. First form: no predilection, self cure, multiple animals 2. Second form - white females that lactated at least once -udder, teats -no self cure -may transform to SCC
38
How are ovine cutaneous PV manifested
1. FILIFORM SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMAS -legs young, - scrotum rams - face , pinnae, legs, teats adults -facial can transform to SCC 2. FIBROPAPILLOMA -adults -facial into SCC -Merinos may be at risk
39
Are cutaneous papilomas reported in pigs
yes -congenital -face and genitalia
40
In birds, where are papillomas most commonly reported
-cloaca -feet, head, mm -often proliferative, -th: autogenous vaccines, laser
41
Have PV been reported in snakes
yes
42
Which are unique camelid PV
1. viral papillomas 2. fibropapillomas
43
Name other PV in camelids
1,5-cauliflower like on penis 2,6-typical papillomas 2,7-congenital probable epidermal nevus 8- frond like 3, 9 5- finger like or rice grain on teat
44
What does PV in rabbits cauase
" Shope PV" Cotton tail rabbit PV
45
What PV cause in primates
-warts -epidermal hyperplasia -oral plaques
46
Which PV are associated with pigmented plaques in dogs
CHI CPV-4 + 3,5, 8, 9, 16 CPV-4 pugs, viszla -can progres to SCC (not in pugs)
47
What are predilections for canine pigmented plaques
1. young 2. min Schnautzer 3. pug - autosomal mode if inheritance 4. Boston terrier 5. French bulldog 6. Viszla (genetic pred in Australia?) 7. Chinese Shar pei
48
What is recommended for canine viral plaques
-usually not effective 1. Tigilanol tigilate - 2 times 9 days apart 2. imiquimod
49
Which PV are assocaited with viral plaques in cats?
FcPV-2 (BISC) +3,5
50
What are predispositions for feline pigmented plaques
1. early age- Sphinx, Devon rex: highly metastatic SCC 2. underlying immunosupersion- FIV, FeLV, Ch GCs 3. usually middle age, old
51
Feline sarcoid/feline cutaneous fibropapilloma
BPV-14, 1
52
Equine sarcoid
BPV1,2, 13
53
Which PV is associted with cutaneous horn
CPV-1
54
What are other causes of cutaneous horns
1. solar dermatitis 2. skin carcinoma 3. IKA 4. intracutaneous epithelioma 5. keratin cysts 6. viral papilloma 7. FeLV
55
Name treatment options for PV
1. Azytrhomicin 2. Surgery 3. Laser, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, CO2 laser ablation 4. Cryotherapy ( 2 sessions) 5. Freezing or crusing (Ag stimulation) 6. IFN-alpha (low dose po, high dose intralesional, INF-omega) 7. Topical 4-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil (no CATS- neurotoxic) 8. Imiquimod 9. Photodynamic th 10. Retinoids 11. Tatantula venom + VACCINE
55
In wich species horn have been seen
-bovine, goat, ovine, rabbit
56
Which vaccines have been developed for PV
1. Live autologous- protective, associted with injection site SCC 2. Modified (formalin inactivated or replication deficient)- no SCC 3. recombinant- induce regression, may be prophylactic

MS (20 decks)

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