Nutritional Flashcards
Causes of fatty acid deficiency
- Poorly preserved commercial food, HMD
- Inadequate antioxidants
- Reducing commercial diets
- Malabsorption, pancreatic disease, chronic liver disease
Clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency
- initially seborrhea sicca;
-later seborrhea oleosa
Treatment of fatty acid deficiency
- Correction of diet or fatty acid supplements
- Topical fatty acids
- Antiseborrheic shampoos
Causes of feline pansteatitis
-HMD based on fish;
-HMD based on pig brains (2 cats with subclinical pansteatitis)
What are systemic and cutaneous signs with feline pansteatitis
Systemic signs: anorexia, lethargy, irritable
Skin lesions: lumps, pain, generalized hyperesthesia
How can a dg of pansteatitis be made
- clinical,
- histopathology,
- plasma tocopherol (<300μg/100ml),
- RBC cell membrane stability test
What is the treatment for pansteatitis
vitamin E + glucocorticoids
Rifoblavin deficinency B2
1) seborrhea sicca,
2) erythema
Niacin deficiency (B3 or PP):
Causes: low protein + high corn
Signs: pellagra (mucus membrane ulceration), pruritic dermatitis
Causes of biotin deficiency (B7 or B8 or H):
Causes:
1) uncooked eggs (avidin),
2) oral antibiotics
Signs of biotin deficiency(B7 or B8 or H):
1) perioccular alopecia,
2) scales,
3) milliary dermatitis (C),
4) hoof changes - abnormal periople, cracks, loss of pliability
What is usual age of onset for ZRD
a) Artic breeds: 3 years;
b) Boston terrier: 3.5 months
Syndrome I Zn responsive dermatitis is seen in wich breeds
Husky, Malamute, Samoyed; GSD, Bull terrier, Pharaoh hound, Boston terrier, flat coated Retriever, Grate Dane, Rhodesian ridgeback, French bulldog
What are causes of ZRD
1) abnormal absorption (Malamute),
2) hypothyroidism (Husky),
3) high Ca, cereal (phytase), Fe (water),
4) enteritis
What are clinical pecularities in ZRD
-pruritus (when it involves normal skin it may precede relapses);
-stiff legs (due to hardened crusts); -onychomalakia
What is different in draft goats in ZRD
-involvement of hooves and horns; mainly orthokeratosis
In bovine and caprine ZRD happens due to what cause
-True deficiency -low Zn in food,
-Fe-Ca-phytases-other chelating agents in food or water,
-genetic abnormalities in Zn absorption
-skin lesions + systemic signs (anorexia, depression, stiff joints, diarrhea) + multiple animals
Treatment for ZRD
-Oral Zn: sulfate, gluconate, methionine (if no response in 1-1.5 month: dose increase by 50%)
-Antiseborrheic shampoos
- If no response:
1) Zn sulfate IV,
2) glucocorticoids (low dose-increased absorption of oral Zn), 3) fatty acids,
4) ovariohysterectomy
What is the distribution of generic dog food dermatosis
bridge of the nose, mucocutaneous, pressure points, distal extremities
omega 6 - LINOLEIC acid why is important
-modulates the conformation of lipid barriers
-component of CERAMIDE 1- decreased in human and canine AD
-important in organization of lipid lamellae
omega 3- DHA, EPA why are they important
modulate eicosanoid synthesis
=DECREASE PRO-INFLAMMATORY and INCERASE ANTIINFLAMMATORY EICOSANOIDS
-down-regulate pro-inflammatory eicosanoid production, inhibiting inflammatory cell activation and cytokine secretion , restoring perturbations in lipid metabolism, normalizing stratum corneun
Describe PUFAs functions
Linoleic acidà component of epidermal ceramides (epidermal barrier)
Arachidonic acidà metabolized to prostaglandines (epidermal proliferation), leucotriens
Ω3à nervous system, retina
Ω3/ω6: compete for
- incorporation in cell membranes,
- metabolism by cycloxygenase, lipoxygenase enzymes
- Eicosanoids (prostaglandines, leucotriens, thromboxanes)
Those produced by ω3 are less inflammatory
Name 4 nutritional factors that influence proper differentiation and maintenance of the epidermis:
- amino acids
- vitamins A or B
- zinc and cooper
fatty acids
Give 2 aggravating factors in horses anhidrosis (other than hot température and high humidity)
Exercice and diet (high protein or energy)
Give the cause for biotin deficiency in ferrets and give the clinical signs
Raw eggs in diet
Bilaterally symmetric alopecia
Hair is composed of __% protein with high percentage of amino acids that contain
95 Sulfur
Normal hair growth and skin keratinization require __% to ___% of the daily protein
20 - 30
With what clinical signs methionine deficiency was associated in kittens ?
Crusted and erosive lesions at the lip comissure and footpads.
Give skin lesions associated with lysine deficiency in kittens
Dark adherent crusted lesions near chin, nasal planum and philtrum
Name 2 diseases characterized by laminar epidermal edema and degeneration, in addition to parakeratosis.
- SND
- Generic dog food dermatosis
** Zinc-responsive dermatosis is differentiated from SND by the lack of laminar epidermal edema and degeneration;
Guinea pigs have an absolute dietary requirement for vitamin C of …… mg/kg per day, rising to …….mg/kg per day in pregnancy. Treatment for hypovitaminosis C involves correcting the diet and giving additional supplementation of
………………../kg per day until clinical signs resolve
10
30
50–100 mg
In chinchillas, deficiencies in ……….., …………….. and …………may lead to the yellow fat / yellow ears syndrome.
choline methionine vit. E
Give the skin localization of vitamine D receptor expression
stratum basale, hair bulb, ORS, hair shaft
Give 4 imunological roles for 25-hydroxyvitamine D in the skin (active form of viamin D)
- induce cathelicidin expresssion by keratinocytes
- decreases T-lymphocyte skin homing
- inhibits T-cell (Th1, Th17) prolifertion and cytokine production
- stimulate Treg and IL10 prodution
Give the main role of vitamin D for the skin
- calcium homeostasis
- regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differenciation
One major function of the skin is the vitamin D production. The following sentences are true or false?
A. As a lipid-soluble molecule, vitamin D3 can be taken up by adipocytes and stored in subcutaneous or omental fat for later use
B. 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D increases the expression of involucrin, transglutaminase, loricrin, and filaggrin and increases keratinocyte cornified envelope formation while inhibiting proliferation
1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3 regulates the expression of cathelicidin (LL-37/hCAP18) an antimicrobial protein that appears to mediate innate immunity in skin by promoting wound healing and tissue repair.
ALL TRUE
Describe the pathogenesis seen in secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in reptiles
Multifactorial: severe imbalance of the Ca:P ration in the diet, no access to a full spectrum (ultraviolet B) light source, and a lack of activated vitaminD3; other inappropriate husbandry-related factors
Seen more commonly in lizards and chelonians abnormal bones and shells and chronic abscesses especially around jaw
Diagnosis: History, clinical signs, radiographs, serum phosphorus, ionized calcium levels
How is vitamine E levels modified in serum and skin of atopic dos VS normal dogs ?
- Decreased levels of vitamine E in serum of atopic dogs
- No significant difference in skin levels (but median concntration of vitamine E higher in atopic dogs)
–> impaired vitamine E homeostasis in atopic dogs
Name reactive oxygen species
- Hydroxyl radical
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Superoxide
Name reactive oxygen species
- Hydroxyl radical
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Superoxide
