Paper 3 Terms: Bias

Question 1

Selection Bias

Answer 1

Groups are not equivalent.
Solution: keep group allocation equivalent to resolve this.

Question 2

Experiment Bias

Answer 2

Researchers unintentionally influence the results.
Solution: double-blind procedures

Question 3

Testing Effect

Answer 3

When subsequent testing can impact results, the solution uses a control group or counterbalancing

Question 4

Instrumentation Bias

Answer 4

The instrument used to measure the dependent variable changes slightly between measurements; in psychology, a human is usually that instrument.
Solution: standardize measurements.

Question 5

Participant Bias

Answer 5

• Social desirability; solution is 1) estions should be phrased non-judgmentally, suggesting any answer is acceptable or 2) asking questions about a third person can also help.
• Dominant respondent; solution is to trains researchers to keep dominant respondents in check and ensure all respondent have equal opportunities to speak.

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

The researcher has a prior belief and uses the research unintentionally to confirm that belief.
Solution: reflexivity

Question 7

Leading Question Bias

Answer 7

Responders are inclined to answer a certain way because the question’s wording encourages them.
Solution: asking open-ended, neutral questions

Question 8

Question Order Bias

Answer 8

Responses to one question influence the participant’s responses to the following questions.
Solution: general questions should be asked before specific ones,