Paper 3 - Forensics Flashcards
Where/by who/when was the top down offender profiling approach made and what is it also known as?
Typology approach is the American approach created by the FBI in the 1970s.
What is the aim of top down profiling and what is top down profiling
Aim : To narrow down a list of suspects to find the perpetrator.
Top Down: American approach to profiling (1970s)
Created by the FBI
Known as typology (a type)
Classification (system) to Data (from crime scene)
Use a classification system, then a behavioural analysis is conducted based on the crime scenes and interviews with the witness/victim.
It’s a best fit model
Based on the idea we gave signature ways of working
Mainly used for murder and rape cases
What are the 4 stages of top down profiling and explain them
Assimilation : Data from crime scene reviewed (pathology report, all evidence, weapon, interviews).
Crime Scene Categories (classification) : Developed from interviews from 36 sexually motivated murderers and their crime scene data (organised or disorganised)
Crime Reconstruction : Hypothesis about behaviour & events of crime created.
Profile Created : Background & physical characteristics of perpetrator written up and given to police.
Top down profiling : crime scene characteristics and likely personality/behaviour of organised and disorganised criminals.
Organised:
Crime scene = evidence of planning, victim is stranger, removes weapons from scene, body hidden
Personality = average-high intelligence, socially/sexually competent, living with a partner
Disorganised:
Crime scene = little evidence of planning, victim is known, leaves evidence at scene (semen/blood), body in open view
Personality = below-average intelligence, socially/sexually incompetent, lives alone and close to scene
A03 : Top Down profiling : + high ecological validity
High Ecological Validity : 36 sexually motivated offenders interviewed, this was considered along with characteristics from the crime scene to develop the classification system. This is high ecological validity.
A03 : Top Down profiling : + Canter
Canter : 10, serial killers were analysed using smallest space analysis to analyse 34 occurrences of serial killings. Found it matched the FBIs typology = valid.
A03 : Top Down profiling : + Meketa
Meketa : Method can now be applied to burglary. This led to an 85% increase in solved crimes. More useful than originally devised to be used for. Burglary in a greater % of crime stats.
A03 : Top Down profiling : - small sample/can’t generalise
Small sample/can’t generalise : Only based in 36 (small sample) sexually motivated (not all crimes are sexually motivated - can’t be generalised) caught offenders.
A03 : Top Down profiling : - self report
Self Report -> reduces reliability : The offenders can like to police as revenge because it is an interview so can easily lie. They can also hold back info so they don’t get further prosecutions. Interviews were not standardised questions so this reduces reliability.
A03 : Top Down profiling : - Goodwin
Goodwin : Serial killers have contrasting characteristics as they don’t just fit into one category. A continuum would be a better method. Therefore the categories aren’t an appropriate method to get the correct category.
What is the bottom up offender profiling method (who by, what does it do and aim)
British approach to profiling
Data -> classification
Uses quantitative data (computer systems)
Suitable for ALL crimes
Can distinguish between multiple offenders in an area
Narrows down a list of suspects to find the perpetrator
Aim : to create a profile of the offender (routines, background, characteristics)
Bottom up approach : explain 2 parts to investigative psychology
1, Statistical analysis : A procedure that detects patterns across crime scenes. It acts as a baseline for comparison
2, Interpersonal coherence : Offender behaviour usually matches everyday behaviour = it is coherent. It reveals information about the offender (I.e. how they relate to men/women)
Bottom up approach : explain geographical profiling (2 models of behaviour & _ theory)
Crime mapping is used to identify the home/base of the offender. Offenders tend to work in areas they know well = spatial consistency.
This is used with psychological theory to create a profile -> modus operandi
2 models of behaviour:
Marauder = operates close to home
Commuter = travels to offend
Circle theory: Patterns of crime are eventually likely to form a circle around the perpetrators base/home. It provides information about their crime making decisions.
A03 : Bottom up profiling : + canter (interpersonal coherence)
Canter - interpersonal coherence : analysed 66 assault cases using smallest space analysis and found several similarities in behaviour. This backs up interpersonal coherence. Would then explain why
A03 : Bottom up profiling : + canter (valid)
Canter - valid : analysed 120 murder cases and found the perpetrators home was usually at the centre of several crime scenes in a circular pattern. Demonstrates circle theory is valid
A03 : Bottom up profiling : - errors in the system
Errors in the system : The data in the system is only as accurate as it has been input. Errors in the system/profile will cause errors in solving cases. Case of Rachel Nickel -> sticking to close to profile meant Colin Stag got convicted as Robert Napper (the perpetrator) was rules out for being too tall.
A03 : Bottom up profiling : - Copson
Copson : Interviewed police about using offender profiles, 83% said they were useful BUT only 3% led to the correct identification of the perpetrator.
A03 : bottom up profiling : compare to top down method
PHOTOS IN DOCS (BOTTOM UP PROFILING)
Is the historical approach nature or nurture
It is a biological approach
Innate/Nature - By looking at someone, you would be able to tell if they were criminals by physical markers.
Historical approach : Lombrosso stated that criminals … this is known as the …
Lombrosso stated that criminals (this is known as the atavistic form)
Genetic throwbacks (to caveman times)
Primitive
A different species
Biologically different (not suited to a civilised society)
It is innate (not their fault) as the criminals are born like this
Historical approach : explain the atavistic form & physical markers that indicate type of crime
The atavistic form:
Darker skin, facial asymmetry, extra fingers/nipples/toes, narrow brow
Physical markers also indicate type of crime:
Murderer : bloodshot eyes, curly hair, long ears
Sexual deviants : glint in their eyes, fleshy lips
Historical approach : Lombrosso’s research
Lombrosso analysed 383 dead criminals’ facial and cranial features and 3839 living prisoners in Italian prisons. The atavistic form accounted for 40% of the prison population (less than majority so not as accurate)
A03 : Historical approach : + Lombrosso 1st to …
Lombrosso was the first person to move explaining criminality away from demonic (religious) possession.
Lombrosso paved the way for a more scientific and moral way to explain criminal behaviour (pinpointing traits)
A03 : Historical approach : - only male prisoners used (goring)
Only males used in Lombrosso’s study = BETA bias as generalised to all criminals (females, even though females weren’t part of study).
Only prisoners used in Lombrosso’s study, no comparison (control group) to the general population. We don’t know how many non convicts the atavistic form accounted for = less scientific. Goring analysed 3000 criminals and 3000 general population and found no differences other than criminals have lower IQ. Lombrosso lacks validity and scientific rigour.
A03 : Historical approach : - socially sensitive research
Lombrosso’s research is socially sensitive and causes racial prejudice by saying those with darker skin are criminals.
A03 : Historical approach : - research is alpha bias
Lombrosso is alpha bias as he said females are naturally jealous, insensitive to pain and have a lower IQ. Those that commit crime are more masculine, he saw women as inferior.
Biological explanation : is it nature or nurture and what are the 2 parts
Nature, 100% innate, born with it
Genetics
Neural
Biological Explanation : Genetics : Christianson
Looked at 3500 twins (35% Mz & 13% Dz concordance rate) = must be a genetic element (however if it was 100% genetic then it would be 100% Mz).
Biological Explanation : Genetics : Crowe
Adoption studies -> if a child has a criminal mother, hey have a 50% risk factor of being a criminal compared to 5% for children with NO criminal parents.
Biological Explanation : Genetics : Tiihonen
Found candidate genes responsible for criminal behaviour = VIOLENT only!
MAOA (regulates serotonin, low activity of this links to aggressive behaviour)
CDHB (regulates serotonin, low activity of this links to substance abuse)
Biological Explanation : Genetics : Diathesis Stress
Diathesis (a genetic predisposition), stress (a environmental stress that triggers the criminal behaviour - epigenetics turn ‘on’ the criminal genes, need both stress and Diathesis for this to work)
Biological Explanation : Neural : Noradrenaline/Serotonin/Testosterone
Increased noradrenaline leads to violence and aggression
Decreased serotonin leads to impulsive behaviour
Increased testosterone leads to violence and aggressive behaviour
Biological Explanation : Neural : Antisocial personality disorder
Decreased resting heart rate, low activity in prefrontal cortex (emotion area), birth complications that damage the brain, mother smoking/drinking during pregnancy leads to APD. They lack empathy and have a decreased emotional response.
A03 : Biological Explanation : General A03
The definition of crime changes BUT this explanation is fixed. Therefore it doesn’t explain ALL crimes, just violent and aggressive crimes.
A03 : Biological Explanation : Genetic : Mednick
Looked at 13000 adoptees with 1 conviction.
Conviction rates:
13.5% for biological or adoptive parent had no convictions
20% one biological parent had a conviction
24.5% both biological and adoptive parent had a conviction.
This suggests that genetic inheritance and environment influence criminality which supports the diathesis stress approach to explaining offending behaviour
A03 : Biological Explanation : Genetic : Twins
It’s had to disentangle nature from nurture, they are socialised the same, could equally be explained by SLT (observe & imitate role models), the same is true for observing criminal parents.
A03 : Biological Explanation : Genetic : Adoption Studies
Many extraneous variables - age of adoption, contact with family and sample sizes (very small). -> Hard to tell what is nature and what is nurture. Lacks scientific control.
A03 : Biological Explanation : Neural : Kendal
Researched people with frontal lobe damage. Found their behaviour was impulsive and they were emotionally unstable, also they could not learn from their mistakes. (This is a casual factor that may explain offending BUT not cause it).
A03 : Biological Explanation : Neural : Farrington
Studied adult males with APD who had a convicted parent and were neglected (physically) as children. This is an environmental cause not biological therefore other factors need to be considered.
Eysenck Criminal Personality : way to measure personality, will place you along _. Eysenck claimed _ of biological traits are innate
Personality could explain criminal behaviour, a way to measure this is using Eysenck’s personality questionnaire (EPQ). It will place you along 3 dimensions. Eysenck claimed 67% variance of biological traits are innate.
Eysenck Criminal Personality : explain the 3 dimensions of the EPQ
Extrovert - Under aroused, seek stimulation more, therefore engage in risk taking behaviour/activities.
Neurotic - Overreact & gets upset easily (heat of the moment crimes).
Psychoticism - High testosterone = aggressive (explains high no. of men in prison).
Eysenck : high of all 3 links to _
High of all 3 is further linked to immediate gratification (I want and I want it now!). Eysenck states offenders are normally developmentally immature (they cannot wait, are childish).
Eysenck : the criminal personality
High extrovert & high neurotic & high psychoticism.
These people cannot be conditioned = hard to re-educate during rehabilitation.
These people are more likely to act antisocial (they are unable to learn anxiety responses to antisocial impulses).
A03 : Eysenck : + Eysenck compared _
Eysenck compared 2070 male prisoners’ scores using the EPQ with 2433 male controls. Prisoners’ scores had higher E,N and P scores than controls. This backs up the predictions that offenders rate higher than the average across the 3 dimensions than the average. How is this scientific?
A03 : Eysenck : - Farrington
Farrington (1981) meta-analysis revealed that offenders scored high on P but not E and N. This implies that some of the central assumptions of the criminal personality are incorrect (Eysenck said the criminal personality was high E & N).
A03 : Eysenck : - Moffit
Moffit (1993) distinguished between offending behaviour that only occurs in adolescences and those that continue into adulthood. She found a reciprocal process between the individuals personality traits AND the environmental reactions. This implies explaining offender behaviour is a lot more complex and considers nurture rather than just nature.
A03 : Eysenck : - Personality depends on the situation
This theory is based on personality being consistent, however personality is dependent on the situation. Mischel (1982) asked family, friends and strangers to rate 63 students in a variety of situations and found almost no correlation between traits displayed. Any regularity of behaviour is likely to be due to the fact we often tend to be in similar situations. Therefore the research is flawed as people don’t just have one personality.
A03 : Eysenck : - EPQ is a self report
The EPQ is a Self report, when people answer they respond to the demands of the questionnaire – select traits that apply to them, in a yes or no format. This suggests the tool may not be valid, in measuring personality traits and therefore not being able to explain offending behaviour.
Cognitive Explanation - Explain Kohlberg Moral Reasoning (+ what are the 3 levels)
As a child gets older their understanding of right or wrong becomes more advanced. The way a child thinks affects their behaviour.
Kohlberg devised the Levels of moral reasoning:
Level 1 - Pre conventional : Punishment orientated, if they can get away with it (they”ll do it) to gain reward.
Level 2 - Conventional : Know the difference between right and wrong. Need to maintain social order. Age of criminal responsibility (10 in UK).
Level 3 - Post conventional : Morality conscious
Offenders are normally at the pre conventional level, they are egocentric and immature.
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Kohlberg : + Palmer
compared moral reasoning of offenders to non offenders & found offenders are more likely to be at the pre conventional level & less mature than offenders (valid).
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Kohlberg : - Thorton
Found those that committed crimes for financial gain were at the pre conventional level. Therefore it is only useful for explaining these crimes, not all crimes such as murder. Therefore is a weak explanation.
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Kohlberg : - moral reasoning doesn’t …
Moral reasoning does not examine the behaviour, only the thought processes (cognitions). Therefore is more likely to be used to justify a crime once it’s been committed.
Cognitive Explanation : Explain cognition distortions (+ 2 types)
Cognitive distortions allow for offenders to justify their behaviour.
2 Types:
Hostile attribution : Offenders misread non aggressive cues as aggressive. This leads to a disproportionate violent response. Offenders are more likely to interpret neutral faces as angry than non offenders.
Minimalisation : Consequences of an offence are downplayed. This reduces the negative interpretation of the behaviour, before or after a crime. (E.g. steal an item from a rich family and say it’s fine as they can just buy a new one straight away).
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Cognition Distortions : + Anger management
Led to developing a treatment (anger management - CBT). Offenders recognise their irrational thinking & learn to change it to become rational (cognitive) then learn correct responses (behaviour). Research has found this treatment has lead to lower levels of denial & lower offending rates.
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Cognition Distortions : + RWA
Real World Implications : Cognitive appraisals in prison/probation can lead to successful rehabilitation
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Cognition Distortions : - doesn’t explain …
Cognitive distortions : Doesn’t explain premediated crimes as much as reactive.
A03 : Cognitive Ex : Cognition Distortions : - cognitive theories describe criminal thinking
Cognitive theories describe the criminal thinking, not useful in predicting behaviour NOR what has caused he actual criminal behaviour.
Differential association : explain if nature or nurture what what key concepts are used
Nurture : We learn criminal behaviour from our environment using the social learning key concepts.
Social learning key concepts : observation, imitation, role models, identification, vicarious reinforcement, mediational processes.
Differential association : Sutherland & his 9 principles
Sutherland : Stated there was a mathematical formula to determine if someone would be criminal. It is based on frequency, intensity & duration of time spent with criminal contacts.
This theory can explain most crimes (unlike biological which only explains violent).
A person learns the motives, techniques & attitudes of a crime.
Sutherland stated there were 9 principles : offending behaviour is learned, through associations, this develops our attitude to be either PRO-CRIME or AGAINST CRIME.
Differential association : learning behaviour 4 offending arises from 2 factors, learning can be _ or _
Learn offending behaviour/attitudes from people the child values.
Offending arises from 2 factors : attitude to offending (for or against crime), learning of specific offending,
Also includes the community view to crime - for or against. Can lead to a stigma of impoverished areas
Learning can be :
Indirect (initiation) - positive (watch dad rob a bank and get money), negative (dad avoids prison), punishment (watch dad go to prison)
Direct (maintains) - positive (you rob a bank and get money), negative (you avoid prison), punishment (you go to prison)
A03 : differential association : + greatest % + family
Can explain the greatest % of crimes (burglary/white collar). But can’t explain all on its own.
Can explain how crime runs in families/friendship groups
A03 : differential association : + environment is deviant
Suggests the environment is deviant NOT the person, which can be targeted for intervention (I.e. community projects set up for children to learn skills to avoid a life of crime. Educate them through fun initiatives. “Action for children” put on many activities nationally.
A03 : differential association : - stereotypes & stigma
Stereotypes & creates a stigma for those living in impoverished areas.
A03 : differential association : - Sutherland mathematical formula
Sutherland mathematical formula is not operationalised. We don’t clearly & specifically know how long the duration, frequency or intensity will be. It’s not measurable. Therefore provides little information.
A03 : differential association : - explained by biological
If crime runs in families it could equally be explained by the biological approach where CDH13 & MAOA (low activity) run in families.
Psychodynamic Explanation : is it nature, nurture or interactionist (explain)
Interactionist : nature (psychosexual conflicts are innate), nurture (childhood experiences shape adult personality)
Psychodynamic Explanation : what did Freud say
Everything happens in the unconscious (no awareness)
Key psychosexual stage : phallic (5 years old, Oedipus/Electra)
Personality : ID : Immediate gratification (born with) / Ego : Mediates between ID & Superego / Superego : Morality principle (acquire upon completion of Oedipus/electra)
Psychodynamic Explanation : Freud - 3 types of superego and defence mechanisms
3 Types of Superego:
Under developed - Don’t identify with same sex parent, develop a weak superego and engage in criminal/anti-social behaviour.
Over developed - Identify with VERY STRICT same sex parent, leads to child experiencing extreme guilt & anxiety & a need for extreme punishment for any wrong doing.
Deviant - Identify with same sex parent, they are criminal (child takes on their criminal morals & values).
Defence mechanisms : rationalisation : justifies their behaviour - steal from rich people - “it’s fine they can replace it”
A03 : Psychodynamic : Freud : + Goreta
Goreta : Conducted Freudian style analysis on 10 offenders, they experiences disturbances in their superego formation and had an excessive need for extreme punishment for any wrongdoing. Validates “over developed”. Superego component in Freuds theory.
A03 : Psychodynamic : Freud : - cannot be falsified
Based on unconscious, cannot be falsified - therefore can not scientifically be used to explain criminal behaviour. Therefore is not a useable theory.
A03 : Psychodynamic : Freud : - Alpha bias
Alpha bias : Freud stated males actively identify and females passively, therefore males should have stronger morals and values than females. We should see more females in prison than males but this is not the case.
Psychodynamic Explanation : Bowlby explanation
“We need a warm, caring & continuous relationship from a primary care giver (mum) up to 2 ½ years (at risk up to 5). If we don’t we are at risk of becoming Affectionless psychopaths (no empathy, shame/guilt = easy to commit crime
A03 : Psychodynamic : Bowlby : + 44 Juvenile Thieves
44 Juvenile Thieves at a home for emotional problems (in London), 14/44 were labelled as affectionless, 12/14 (86%) had experienced prolonged separation from mother in very early childhood.
A03 : Psychodynamic : Bowlby : - socially sensitive
Socially sensitive : Blames the mother if their child is criminal, which may not be the case.
A03 : Psychodynamic : Bowlby : - doesn’t show cause and effect
Only a relationship found between separation & emotional problems, does not show causation, it could be the foster homes that caused the emotional problems.
Custodial sentencing : what are the 4 aims
To Deter People : Based on operant conditioning (punishment & removed freedom)
Incapacitation : Put violent offenders in prison to protect the public
Atone for wrongdoing / retribution : Justice needs to be seen to have being done. The perpetrator needs to “suffer” based on severity of offence.
Rehabilitation : Re-education criminals (unlearn & relearn correct behaviour). They are in an institution, perfect opportunity to educate.
Custodial sentencing : 4 psychological effects
Stress, depression & anxiety as well as self-harm are a lot higher than the general population
Brutalisation is high is prisons, housing a lot of pro crime people in prison enforces a pro crime lifestyle
Institutionalisation : criminals become institutionalised where they might find it hard to function after being released
De-individualisation : loss of identity can lead to depression, self harm and even at risk of suicide
Custodial sentencing : recidivism %
Recidivism : 45% of offenders re-offend within 1 year of being releases, questions the effectiveness of prison
A03 : Custodial Sentencing : + education
Education : Offenders that take part in college level education and higher are 43% less likely to reoffend. Due to an increase in job opportunities.
A03 : Custodial Sentencing : + prison are 24/7
Prisons are 24/7 : Prison is an excellent opportunity to educate people as they are there 24/7 which presents many opportunities.
A03 : Custodial Sentencing : - differential association
Differential association : Housing criminals in a pro crime community, people will pick up new methods and techniques to commit crime. Gang affiliation presents problems, give protection on the inside, but affiliation continues on the outside in return for ‘jobs’ being done.
A03 : Custodial Sentencing : - punished for being caught
Punished for being caught : The principles of behaviour are not being applied correctly. Punishment needs to be immediate to be effective. It can takes months/years to be sentenced sometimes. Therefore they are being punished for being caught.
Token economy : behaviour modification / based on _ conditioning / all behaviour is _
Behaviour modification : Implement IN prisons (mainly young offenders)
Based on operant conditioning : Positive behaviour rewarded, undesirable behaviour punished.
All behaviour is learned, we can unlearn and relearn.
Token Economy : Aim (& primary / secondary reinforcers)
Token economy aims to reinforce desirable behaviour, do a ‘good’ behaviour they get a token. Tokens used to get a desirable thing (I.e. free time, tv time, magazines/ books/chocolate/luxuries from the shop).
Primary reinforcer = the item they get
Secondary reinforcer = the token (the means to get what they want)
Token Economy : target behaviour must be _ & links to training
Target behaviour must be clearly outlined to be successful = operationalised
Training is essential. Both prisoners and prison officers need to be made aware of how much each behaviour is worth.
(Reinforcement should outweigh punishment 4:1)
(Progress must be monitored)
Must be standardised (huge problem)
A03 : Token Economy : + Hobbs & Holt
Hobbs & Holt : Studied young offenders taking part in a token economy programme. They received tokens for making their bed/lining up/being respectful. All showed an average 27% increase in desirable behaviour.
A03 : Token Economy : + positive rewards
Positive rewards : Young offenders responded better if rewards were more instant, frequent and positive. It is a system that can cater to the needs of the clientele.
A03 : Token Economy : + better than CBT
Better than CBT : Straightforward and easier and cheaper than CBT.
A03 : Token Economy : - inconsistent staff
Inconsistent staff : If staff are inconsistent, any benefit of token economy is lost. A problem with sickness, high staff turnover or staff engaging in the system better than others.
A03 : Token Economy : - play along
Play along : Offenders can play along with the system, while in prison to get the reward but when the rewards stop the good behaviour stops. Therefore they haven’t relearned the correct behaviour.
Anger Management : some people anger _ / anger is _ / where does anger management take place and what are the aims
Some people anger quicker than others to perceived threats
Anger is reinforced as the person feels in control when in that state
Anger management takes place in prison or as part of a community sentence. It aims to change the way the person thinks in turn changing their behaviour
Individuals are taught to recognised their triggers of anger and develop techniques to resolve the conflict without violence
They must keep a feelings diary and will be set homework
Anger Management : explain the 3 stages
Stage 1 Cognitive Preparation : offender reflects on past experience, they are to identify their triggers to answer & realised they think irrationally.
Stage 2 Skills Acquisition : offender introduced to a range of techniques to help them deal with anger provoking situations (self task, deep breathing, meditation)
Stage 3 Application Practice : offender applies newly learned skills in a controlled and non threatening situation, role play in groups, they obtain feedback and praise
A03 : Anger Management : + Keen
Keen : Studied the progress of 17-21 year olds on an anger management course. They had 8 x2 hour sessions. Offenders initially had problems with record keeping and taking it seriously but by they end they showed increased awareness and self control.
A03 : Anger Management : + meta analysis
Meta Analysis : Found a 75% improvement of anger management courses in reducing anger.
A03 : Anger Management : + tries to treat cause
Try to treat cause : Anger management is a method that tries to actually treat the cause of the offending.
A03 : Anger Management : - short term effective
Short term effective : Anger management is only effective in the short term and has limited is in the real world therefore unlikely to reduce recidivism.
A03 : Anger Management : - costly & low usefulness
High trained therapist : Requires highly trained therapist to deliver the course (costly)
Low useful : Only useful if anger was the cause of offending
A03 : Anger Management : - motivation & commitment needed
Motivation & commitment : The course requires motivation and commitment from the prisoner as well as full participants (role play) which some do not like = high drop out rates
Explain key points of restorative justice & how does the process start
Takes into account the needs of the victims (no other method does this)
This method is about reparation (repairing the damage)
Focuses on the recovery of the victim and rehabilitation of the offender
The process starts with the offender admitting the offence (guilt) and then they can be offered this method. They contact the victim by letter to request a restorative meeting.
If the victim agrees the offender is offered the ‘Restorative Programme’
What are the key features of restorative programme
Trained mediator supervises, in a neural setting (face-to-face works best)
Survivor explains the impact of the incident on them for the offender to understand
Active involvement from both parties is vital
Focus is on positive outcomes for both
Restorative Justice : Explain restitution & who sets and monitors restorative justice
Restitution : Monetary payment is offered to the victim from the offender. Offender pays money OR Offender repairs the damages OR Emotional support is offered to build the victims confidence.
Restorative justice council set and monitor standard and support the victim and offender.
A03 : Restorative Justice : + high recommendation
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