Paper 2: Topic 5: Approaches Flashcards
Who’s the Father of Pschology
Wilhelm Wundt
When and what was the name of Wundts first book
1873
‘Principles of Physiological Pyschology’
When and where did Wundt open his first Pyschology labatory
1879
Leipzing, Germany
What types of procedures did Wundt use to separate Pyschology from the roots of Pyschology
-Controlled
-standardised: same stimuli and instructions eg; ticking metronome
-objective
Who used introspection to investigate the human mind and how
Wundt ask people to focus on an everyday object and look inwards noticing sensations and feelings and images
Introspection - process in which a person examines their inner world, by consciously observing their thoughts and emotion (cognitive processes) when presented with a stimulus and describe them
-controlled the environment, including the stimuli like a ticking metronome and tasks (e.g. a description of their perception or emotions - systematic reporting of the experience of object)
-Reflection on sensations, feelings and images
-focus on being objective
-Breaking thoughts about an object down into separate elements - structuralism
-Systematic reporting of an experience of object
Who used structuralism to investigate the human mind and what is it
used scientific methods to study human consequences by breaking its structure down into smaller components
Developed introspection
Wundt isolated conscious thoughts into basic structures of thoughts, processes and images eg: perceptions and sensations
What happened in 1900
Freud propsed the psychodynamic approach. He highlighted the importance of the unconscious mind on behaviour and developed his own therapy called psychoanalysis
What happened in 1879
Wundt opened the 1st experimental Pyschology lab in Germany. So Pyschology began to emerge as its own discipline. Before this Pyschology was regarded as an experimental branch in philosophy
What happened in 1913
Watson and Skinner established the behaviourist approach.
They criticised Freud and Wundt, arguing the true scientific Pyschology should restrict itself to studying phenomena and can be directly observed and measured.
They believed that all behaviour is learnt
What happened in the 1950’s
Rogers and Maslow developed the humanistic approach. They rejected the views put forward by behavioursit and pyschodynamic approaches and emphasised the importance of free will by attempting to understand the whole person
What happened in the 1960s
Cognitive approach emerged with introduction of the computer.
It’s interested in studying mental processes; cognitive psychologists believe that we can make inferences about how the mind works based on results from laboratory experiments
What happened in 1980s
Biological approach began to surface as the dominant approach in Pyschology. Due to advances in technology eg: brain scans to increase psychologists understanding of the function of the human brain
What happened in 2000’s
Cognitive neuroscience has emerged, which brings together the biological and cognitive approaches. Investigates how biological structures influence mental states
Strengths and limitations of Wundt
Limit:
P: introspection was subjective and lacks scientific rigour of today
Eg: self report method where ppts report their own mental processes. Can represent individual bias as ppts could report their unconscious thoughts.
Ex: makes it harder to establish meaningful laws of science so can be seen as naïve as it’s not empirical so would t meet scientific standards of psychology today
L: lowers the validity
Strength:
P: methodologies attempted to be scientific as he used standardised procedures in controlled lab experiments
Eg: recorded reaction times in a systematic way to prevent stimuli and introspection
Ex: means all ppts could be tested in the same way to check for reliability of findings
L: paved the way for psychology as a science with the reliance on the experimental method
The emergaence of Pyschology as a science
-Wundt known as ‘the father of psychology’ – moved from philosophical roots to controlled research.
-Set up the first psychology laboratory in Liepzig, Germany in 1870s.
- Promoted the use of introspection as a way of studying mental processes.
- Introspection – systematic analysis of own conscious experience of a stimulus.
- An experience was analysed in terms of its component parts e.g. sensations, emotional reaction etc.
-His work paved the way for later controlled research and the study of mental processes e.g. by cognitive psychologists.
Define the behaviours approach’s key assumptions
- Psychologists should only study observable, quantifiable behaviour.
- All behaviour can be reduced down to a stimulus response link
- Humans are no different from animals and arent more complex so research on animal behaviour is directly relevant to humans.
- Scientific methodology, behaviour is measured in highly controlled lab experiments, objectivity and control
- When born our mid is a blank slate (tabula rasa), all behaviour is learnt from the environment through CC and OC
Describe the behaviourist approach
A learning approach that suggests that all behaviour is acquired and maintained through classical and operant conditioning and all children are born as “tabulae rasae” (blank slates), learning through their interactions with their environment through a stimulus-response link
concerned with behaviour that can be observed and measured through objective lab experiments
Who proposed classical conditioning and what is it
Pavlov
a type of learning through association in which
an environmental unconditioned stimulus is paired with an uncontrolled response. through conditioning the unconditioned stimulus is consistently paired with the neutral stimulus . The neutral stimulus produces the same response as the unconditioned stimulus so now the response is conditioned
How did Pavlov test the theory of classical conditioning
using dogs as experimental subjects
conditioned to associate the sound of a bell (NS) with food (UCS) so dogs producing a salivation response (CR) at the sound of a bell (CS), even when no food was present
demonstrated that repeated exposure to an event leads to a learned and uncontrollable behaviour
REMEMBER TO STATE THE STIMULUS AND RESPONSE KEY WORDS IN YOUR ANSWER
Who proposed operant conditioning and what is it
Skinner suggested that behaviour is the result of learning through the consequences of our actions
A form of learning by direct consequences for behaviour, whether that be negitive and positive reinforcement (consequences that increase behaviour) or punishment (consequences that decrease behaviour).
Describe Skimmers research into his operant conditioning theory
created the Skinner box to examine operant conditioning in rats and pigeons as experimental subjects
The animal would move around the cage, and when it pressed the lever (by accident), it would be rewarded with a food pellet.
The animal would learn, through positive reinforcement, that each time it pressed the lever, it
would be rewarded with food so it learnt a new voluntary behaviour which is repeated to receive
the reward again.
If they pressed the other lever, they would be shocked. So press the other lever for the shock to be turning off. Increasing the frequency of pressing lever A
Shock -> behaviour -> turn shock off by pressing lever
Whereas punishment:
Behaviour -> shock
What are the 3 types of reinforcement proposed by Skinner will affect our behaviour
1) positive reinforcement – when a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence (reward) and is more
likely to be repeated;
2) negative reinforcement – when a behaviour is followed by the removal of an adverse stimuli and
is more likely to be repeated;
3) punishment – when a behaviour is followed by an unpleasant consequence and is less likely to be repeated
** dont confuse negative reinforcement and punishment. negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant consequent which makes a behaviour MORE likely to be repeated; whereas, punishment makes a behaviour LESS likely to be repeated**
Evaluate the behaviourist approach
Strength:
P: focuses on the measurement of observable characteristics. the method of data collection used is systematic, reliable and objective, so it plays a role in establishing psychology as a credible scientific discipline.
Limitation:
P: research used to support the behaviourist approach has been conducted on animals as experimental subjects.
Eg: They believed learning processes in humans and animals are very similar; Pavlov conducted research using dogs (learning through assossiation) and Skinner used rats and pigeons (learning through consequences)
Ex: However, many consider using animals in experiments to be unethical, In Skinner’s box, the rats were shocked when they didn’t perform a certain behaviour. Although, Using animals in research gives experimenters more control over the process, without demand characteristics or individual differences influencing findings.
L: As a result, caution must be taken when extrapolating and generalising the findings of this research to humans
Limit:
P: critised for its limited view regarding origins of behaviour and being to reductionist
Eg: behaviourist believe every behaviour is simplified down to a stimulus-response link. This ignores explanations like the role of cognition, emotion and biological factors influencing behaviour
Ex: Skinner countered this by saying for behaviour to be investigated scientifically, it had to be directly measurable and observable which cognitions are not.
L: he argued operant conditioning principles explain even the most complex of human interactions
Does the behavioural approach fall on the nature or nurture side of the nature v nurture debate
Suggets that all behaviour is learned, it falls on the nurture side
In which our experiences and surroundings shape our behaviour directly rather than any internal or biological factors.
human mind as a tabula rasa (blank slate) suggesting that at birth the mind is blank and throughout life, the slate is filled while behaviour is shaped through learning
Define environmental determinism in behavioural approach
behaviourists believe that behaviour is controlled by a stimulusresponse link, as in classical conditioning, is an example of environmental determinism.
argue humans have little choice in their behaviour, and our behaviour is simply the product of environmental learning
Define social learning theory
Based on the idea of observational learning: that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behaviour performed by role models, who model behaviour in a social environment.
Development of the reductionist behaviourist approach of stimulus response link, SLT recognises mediational processes:
stimulus -> internal mediational processes -> response
• For indirect learning to occur, an individual must observe the behaviour of others, the may imitate this behaviour, but only if the consequences are positve.
• If they observe the model being rewarded they are likely to themselves, imitate this behaviour (vicarious reinforcement).
People are more likely to imitate the behaviour of models that they identify with
- A person becomes a model if they are seen to possess characteristics that the observer has or wishes to have. evidence, from Shutts et al., 2010, to suggest
that for children, the age and gender similarity to models is an important determinant of imitation. This cognitive appraisal process clearly distinguishes SLT from the more deterministic behaviourist approach
• Mediational processes: mental event that determines whether an individual perceives a behaviour as being worth imitating. 4 distinct mediational processes are: attention, retention, production and motivation
Who proposed Social Learnimg Theory
Bandura
he believed that observational learning,
which he called modelling, is the most important process in human learning
How is SLT differnt to other behaviourist theories
Development of reductionist behaviourist approach of the stimulus response link, takes into the account the role of mediational processes (thoughts).
According to Bandura, for SLT to take place, a person will form a mental representation of the behaviour and weigh up the pros and cons of being rewarded, before copying the behaviour. If the pros outweigh the cons, then they will imitate the observed behaviour
Desiree Bandura, Ross and Ross Bobo doll experiment
Aim: investigate whether aggression can be learned through social learning theory principles
Method: 72 children (36 male and 36 female) aged between 3 and 6 years old were put into one of three
groups for 10 minutes:
1) Aggressive model – the child played in a room while an adult hit and shouted at a “Bobo doll”: a plastic
inflatable toy doll which was heavy at the bottom and wobbled when hit. This group was further subdivided by the gender of child and the adult model
2) Non-aggressive model – the child played in a room while an adult played quietly with a construction set.
This group was further sub-divided once again by the gender of the child and the adult model, creating
another four conditions
3) Control group – the child did not see a model
The children were deliberately frustrated by being taken into another room where they were told that they
could not play with any toys. Then, they were placed alone in a room with a range of aggressive toys
(mallet, gun) and non-aggressive toys (dolls, crayons) and the Bobo doll for twenty minutes whilst being
observed
Results: Children who saw the aggressive model produced more aggressive acts than those in either of the
other two groups. Boys imitated same-sex models more than girls. Girls imitated more physical aggression
if they saw male models, and more verbal aggression if they saw female models.
Conclusion: Aggressive behaviour can be learned, in children, through observation and imitation of a
model.
8/16 marker hasn’t come up before:
Strengths and limits of social learning theory
Limit:
P: This explanation has been criticised for underestimating the influences of biological factors in explaining behaviour.
Eg: In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, a consistent finding was that boys were all more aggressive than girls, despite them all observing the same models perform that behaviour.
biological favours suggest that individuals may behave more aggressively due to hormone imbalances including higher levels of testosterone rather than observational learning
Or behave more anxiously due to low levels of serotonin.
Ex: this is a more likely explaination in cases where there’s no established role model for a person to observe and imitate the behaviours of.
L: SLT isn’t a full explaination to real life human hevaiour so lacks validity so should be used in conjunction with other approaches like the biological approach
Limitation:
P: Bandura ideas were developed based on children in lab settings so suggests methodological issues.
Eg: Bobo dolly study, children acted in an aggressive way towards the doll as they thought that’s what was expected of them rather than then genuine t learning a new behaviour.
Ex: suggests demand charectarisitcs affected children’s behaviour as they may have Pisces up on environmental cues that’s er measuring aggression resulting to them adjusting their behaviour. This is due to it being an artificial task and being in a strictly controlled lab experiment
L: limits the internal validity of the findings so affects the accuracy of the theory and lowers external validity so generalise the study to real life situations of children learning behaviours with caution
Strength:
s its plentiful research support. For example, Fox and Bailenson (2009) found that
humans were more likely to imitate computer-generated ‘virtual humans’ who were similar to
themselves; Rushton and Campbell (1977) found that same-sex modelling significantly increased the
number of female observers who agreed to, and then actually did, donate blood; and Myers (2015) confirmed the importance of vicarious learning for the effectiveness of workplace teams. These studies
demonstrate support for different aspects of SLT, including modelling and vicarious reinforcement and the importance of mediatiomal processes,
adding credibility to the key principles of this theory
How does Bandura take a nomothetic approach in SLT
his research with the infamous Bobo doll, and later work with other researchers
investigating the role of vicarious learning in shaping behaviour, take a nomothetic approach as he
attempts to generate general laws of behaviour which can be widely applied.
Define cognitive approach
A learning approach which likens the human mind to a computer, with internal mental processes turning an input to an output. This approach suggests studying these internal processes by inference is the key to understanding human psychology.
Focuses on the examination of internal mental processes such as perception,
memory, attention and consciousness. Since these processes are internal and cannot be studied directly, their operation must be inferred from the observation and measurement of visible human behaviour.
What are the 5 assumptions of SLT
-learning through others
-importance of environmental and cognitive factors
-role models
-vicarious reinforcement
-mediational processes
Define learning through others as an assumption of SLT
Bandura believed people learn through observation, modelling and imitation of others
Define importance of environmental and cognitive factors as an assumption of SLT
Bandura believe there’s important mental processes that occur between stimulus and response
SLT forms a bridge between traditional behaviours and cognitive approach
Define role models as an assumption of SLT
Learning occurs through observation of role models
More likely to imitate them if they identify with them
Modelling occurs when the observer imitates a role model
A person becomes a model if they are seen to possess characteristics that the observer have, or wishes to have. evidence: Shutts et al., 2010, to suggest that for children, the age and gender similarity to models is an important determinant of imitation.
Define vicarious reinforcement as an assumption of SLT
If they observe the role model being rewarded they are likely to themselves, imitate this behaviour
Learning occurs:
-directly through operant and classical conditioning
-Indirectly though vicarious reinforcement
For indirect learning to occur, an individual must observe the behaviour of others, the may imitate this behaviour, but only if the consequences of this behaviour seems to be positve
Define mediational processes as an assumption of SLT
the mental event that determines whether an individual perceives a behaviour as being worth imitating.
4 distinct mediational processes are: attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation
Learning: attention and retention
Performing: motor reproduction and motivation
Define cognitive approach
A learning approach which likens the human mind to a computer, with internal mental processes turning an input to an output. It suggests studying these internal processes by inference is the key to understanding human psychology.
Focuses on the examination of internal mental processes such as perception,
memory, attention and consciousness by inferring them from observation and measurement of visible human behaviour.
It’s extended from the stimulus response proposed by behaviourist approach into:
Stimulus -> internal mental processes -> response
Concerned with how thinking shapes our behaviour and developed as a reaction.
5 examples of cognitions in the cognitive approach
1) importance of inferences
2) computer analogy
3) role of theoretical models
4) role of schemas on mental processes
5) cognitive neuroscience
Define importance of inferences as an example of the cognitive approach
Cogntiviists rely on lab experiments: objective methods
Mental internal processes are private and can’t be observed so are studied indirectly through inferences
Define computer analogy as an example of the cognitive approach
Thinks the human mind works like a computer, with internal mental processes turning an input to an output.
It’s an Information processing model
Define role of theoretical models as an example of the cognitive approach
Cognitive psychologists study internal processes through theoretical models as visual representations of concepts
Eg: multi-store model of memory and working memory model to understand memory
Define role of schemas on mental processes as an example of the cognitive approach amd strengths and limitations
Schemas are cognitive frameworks of ideas and info developed through experiences
Help schemas to organise and interpret info in the brain
Schemas enable us to process lots of information quickly and this is useful as a sort of mental short-cut that prevents us from being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli.
Schemas can distort our interpretations of sensory information, leading to perceptual errors
They can also lead to stereotyping and therefore prejudice.
Define cognitive neuroscience as an example of the cognitive approach
Term coined by Miller
Scientifically studies the info use of brain structure and activity on mental processes
Involves use of brain scanning tech eg: PET and fMRI scans to show how different parts of the brain become active in differnt cognitive activities and emotion
Tulving found episodic memory is stored in the right prefrontal cortex and semantic in the left
8/16 marker hasn’t come up before:
Evaluate cognitive approach
Define biological approach
Assumes all human behaviour has biological origin and states that to comprehend human behaviour fully, it’s necessary to understand internal biological structures and processes including genes, nervous system and neurochemistry and hormones
Define genetic explaination as part of the biological approach
Genes are passed from one gen to the next.
They carry info in the form of DNA in chromosomes, which carries instructions for characteristics
Genotype: a persons genetic makeup fixed from birth pairing of alleles for a specific trait
Phenotype: expression of their geens which lead to observable charectaristics of a person due to combined effect of genes and environment
Behaviour Geneticists study whether behavioural characteristics eg: intelligence + mental disorders are inherited the same way as physical characteristics are
Research used monozygotic twins who share 100% of their DNA and dizygotic twins who share 50%
Gottesman found MZ twins have a 48% concordance rate of developing schizophrenia compared to 17% for DZ twins.
McGuffin found if one identical has depression, there’s a 46% chance that the other twin will also. Suggesting a genetic component to illnesses like schizophrenia and depression
Define genetic explaination as part of the biological approach
Biological psychologists believe the structure of organs eg: brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and endocrine system determine our behaviour.
The nervous system transmits messages through neurons. Human behaviour like eating (feeling hungry) and breathing.
Research’s shown differnt lobes of the brain are linked to general functions eg: parietal lobe is linked to the processing of sensory info
Case study Phineas Gage: lost his ability to inhibit antisocial behaviour after iron bar destroyed of his frontal cortex demon staring the influence of a biological structure on behaviour (inhibition)
Define influence of neurochemistry as part of the biological approach
role of chemicals in determinations behaviour.
At synapses, signals are sent between neurones by neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitter imbalance are assossiated with atypical behaviour eg: too much dopamine associates with schizophrenia
Crockett suggested abnormally low levels of serotonin is linked to aggressive behaviour indicating neurotransmitter is important in regulating behaviour and impulse control
Horomones are released into bloodstream and travel to target cells to be activated. Carre found high levels of testosterone are assossiated with defensiveness and territoriality when investigating ice hockey players behaviour
Define evolution and behaviour as part of the biological approach
Darwin’s natural selection ensures characteristics provide evolutionary advantages like survival and are passed from one gen to the next, whilst others which do not die out
Buss’s survey of heterosexual mate selection. Across 37 countries studied, he found men preferred good looks, youth and chastity and women prefer good financial prospects, industriousness and dependability. Suggests certain behaviours and traits have evolved as they promote better prospects for passing on genes
8/16 marker hasn’t come up before:
Evaluate biological approach
Strength: scientific credibility
P: utilises scientific methods of research adding to credibility of Pyschology emerging as a science
Eg: research into genetic and neurochemistry requires precise scientific methodology like fMRI and PET scans and drug trials
Ex: provides paccurate measure of internal processes that were previously not accessible and had to be inferred
L:makes biological evidence less susceptible to misinterpretations or experimenter bias
Strength: real world explainations
P: to support the theory
Eg: understanding ‘abnormal’ neurochemica, activity has led to use of psychoactive drugs to treat serious mental disorder. These have developed due to research into neurotransmitters like antidepressants well to increase serotonin levels in the brain to treat depression
Ex: has practical benefits for developing treatments but also provides patients w/ an explaination for their illness
L: but antidepressants don’t work for everybody it suggests there’s more than just abnormal levels of neurotransmitters that lead to disorders like schizophrenia and depression
Limit: biologically deterministic
P: biological explainatioms of human behaviour may be considered too biologically deterministic
Eg: biological psychologists see our behaviour as a result of neurochemical, neuroanatomical or eg tic influences of which we have no free will to control
Ex: however, the way a genotype is expressed as a phenotype is heavily influenced by the environment and not even monozygotic twins don’t look and think the same
L: suggests biological approach is too deterministic and doesn’t take into account interactions in the environment which may be partly down to free will
Define psychodynamic approach
Freud proposed the notion of the unconscious
The three main assumptions: personality has a discernible structure (ID, ego, superego), that it’s constructed by the passage through psychosexual stages of development throughout infancy and adolescence, the unconscious conflicts in the personality are mediated by defence mechanisms
Describe the role of the unconscious as part of the psychodynamic approach
Parts of the mind that are inaccessible to conscious awareness
Iceberg metaphor to explain this:
Consciousness: small part we’re aware of (top of ice berg)
Unconscious: larger part of the human mind (beneath the surface) we’re not directly aware of or able to access it at will
Traumatic memories from childhood are repressed in the unconscious mind hidden from conscious awareness
But aren’t truely forgotten and can be explored through psychoanalysis
Unconcouis mind reveals itself in dreams, fantasies and Freudian slips
Describe the structure of the personality: ID, ego and superego as part of the psychodynamic approach
personality is made up of 3 parts; the id, ego and superego.
Id: erotic energy. Governed by pleasure principle. Consists of drives and seeks nothing but pleasure and gratification. Presented at birth. Focuses on self (selfish), irrational and emotional, deals with feelings
and needs
unconscious part of the mind
Ego: governed by reality principle. Tasked with taming the Id and balancing the demands of the superego. Arises in response to control of others especially parents during the anal stage of development around 2 years old. Rational, balancing the id and superego. conscious part of the mind.
Superego: governed by morality principle. Our sense of right and wrong. Characterised by the ‘inner voice’ telling us we’ve crossed into the boundaries of unacceptable behaviour. The internalised parent and develops in response to parental discipline at 5 years old. acts as the conscience or
moral guide. unconscious part of the mind
Describe defence mechanisms as part of the psychodynamic approach
Used by the ego to cope with conflicting demands of the demanding superego and id. Ego works by distorting reality so individual can continue with everyday life without unpleasant feelings dominating their conscious awareness.
1)Repression: occurs when traumatic or distressing memory is forced out of conscious awareness and into the unconscious mind
2) Denial: involves a refusal to accept the reality of a situation, acting as though nothing distressing has happened
3) displacement: feelings towards a target individual can’t be expressed directly and is transferred onto something/one else
Describe psychosexual stages as part of the psychodynamic approach
Oral stage:
0-2 years
Focus: mouth
Infant experiences pleasure through their mouth, sucking and biting
If unresolved: oral fixation eg: smoking and nail-biting
Anal:
2-3 years
Focus: anus
Child becomes aware of reality principle (ego develops) imposed by parents. Must undergo potty training to control bowel movements
If unresolved: anal fixation in 2 ways: 1) anal retentive: obsessive perfectionist 2) anal expulsive: messy and thoughtless
Phallic
3-6 years
Focus: genitals
Oedipus and electra complex infant boys and girls must overcome their unconscious sexual desire for their mother and father by identifying with the other parent. Superego develops
If unresolved: phallic fixation or phallic personal might manifest in reckless and narcissistic behaviours
Latent stage:
6 years to puberty
Focus: hidden
Sexual energy goes from driven to latent so indivual can focus on world around them and forming friendships
Genital stage:
Puberty +
Focus: forming heterosexual relationships
Culminates with psychosexual energy taking residence in the genitals to be directed towards formation of adult relationships
If unresolved: struggle to form heterosexual relationships
8/16 marker hasn’t come up before:
Evaluate Psychodynamic approach
Define humanistic approach
Founded by Maslow and Rogers
Focused on discovering what it means to be fully human as they believe other Pyschology approaches are reductionist, deterministic and can’t explain the holistic complexity of human behaviour
Define free will as a part of the humanistic approach
Assumes every individual can assert free will and has a choice in how they behave.
Everyone can consciously control and influence their own personal destiny.
Define Maslows heirarchy of needs as a part of the humanistic approach
Model of psychological development.
Self actualisation: morality, creativity
Self esteem: confidence, respect
Love and belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
Safety and security: security of body, employment, health
Physiological needs: breathing, food, sex, sleep
Deficiency needs + growth needs
Work up the heirarchy step by step
Define Self actualisation of needs as a part of the humanistic approach
An achievement provides possibility of true self-awareness.
Takes form of peak experienced which are charecatised by feelings of euphoria, without any fear or inhibitions. Maslow cited Albert Einstein who achieved self actualisation through creativeness
Define focus on the self as a part of the humanistic approach
Rogers interested in the 2 basic needs:
- need for self-worth
-need for unconditional positive regard for other people
Both emerge from good relationships with supportive parents in childhood and then friend and partners
An individuals self worth has a direct impact on psychological well being
Define role of conditions of worth as a part of the humanistic approach
Define congruence as a part of the humanistic approach
Rogers focused on ‘the self’
Persons ideal self and actual self are aligned and are very similar.
Define influence on counselling Pyschology as a part of the humanistic approach
Elevate the humanistic approach
Strength:
P: had major influence on psychological counselling
Eg: contemporary therapists use Rogers ideas of unconditional positive regard and help clients work towards self-awareness.
Ex: it’s a useful theory with a real-world applications.
L: it’s impossible to imagine modern client-centered therapy without its insights and techniques
Which side does the biological approach take in the free will vs determinism approach
Biological determinism
Behaviour is controlled by internal biological factors e.g. genes, hormones, neurotransmitters,
Which side does the biological approach take in the nature vs nurture approach
Nature
Behaviour is the result of innate biological factors (e.g. genes, hormones, neurotransmitters,
Which side does the biological approach take in the reductionism vs holism approach
Biological Reductionism
Behaviour is broken down into biological structures/processes.
Which side does the biological approach take in the idiographic vs nomothetic approach
Nomothetic
Creates universal laws, as humans share similar physiologies.
Is the biological approach scientific?
Scientific
The biological approach promotes scientific methods of investigation (e.g.
brain imaging)
Which side does the behaviourist approach take in the free will vs determinism approach
Environmental determinism
Behaviours controlled by stimulus response conditioning
Which side does the behaviourist approach take in the nature vs nurture approach
Nurture
humans are born as a tabula rasa and behaviour is learnt
Which side does the behaviourist approach take in the reductionism vs holism approach
Environmental reductionism
Behaviour is broken down into simple stimulus response links
Which side does the behaviourist approach take in the idiographic vs nomothetic approach
Nomothetic
Creates universal laws, as behaviour is the result of a stimulus response link
Is the behaviourist approach scientific
Scientific
The behaviourist approach utilises scientific method of investigation eg: lab experiments and animal research
Which side does the social learning theory take in the free will vs determinism approach
Soft determinism
Behaviour is controlled by environmental forces however, humans have personal responsibility and free choice
Which side does the social learning theory take in the nature vs nurture approach
Nurture
Behaviour is learnt from observation and vicarious reinforcement
Which side does the social learning theory take in the reductionism vs holism approach
Partially reductionist
Shares elements of the behaviourist and cognitive approach
Which side does the social learning theory take in the idiographic vs nomothetic approach
Nomothetic
Attempt to establish general laws of behaviour (eg: vicarious reinforcement)
Is the social learning theory scientific
Mostly scientific
Utilises scientific methods, but also takes into account mediational processes
Which side does the cognitive approach take in the free will vs determinism approach
Soft determinism
Behaviour is controlled by mediational processes that humans can choose what information they intend to
Which side does the cognitive approach take in the nature vs nurture approach
Both
Behaviour is the product of information processing and modified by experience
Which side does the cognitive approach take in the reductionism vs holism approach
Experimental reductionism
Behaviour is investigated in terms of isolated variables eg: capacity of STM
Which side does the cognitive approach take in the idiographic vs nomothetic approach
Both
Attempts to establish general laws of cognitive processing, but utilises an idiographic approach with case studies
Is the cognitive approach scientific
Mostly scientific
Utilises scientific methods of investigation, but researchers are unable to directly observe cognitive processes
Which side does the psychodynamic approach take in the free will vs determinism approach
Psychic determinism
Behaviour is determined by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences
Which side does the psychodynamic approach take in the nature vs nurture approach
Mostly nature
Behaviour is the product of innate drives , but shaped by early childhood experiences
Which side does the psychodynamic approach take in the reductionism vs holism approach
Both
Behaviour is reduced to innate drives , while taking into account the multiple aspects of human behaviour
Which side does the psychodynamic approach take in the idiographic vs nomothetic approach
Both
Attempt to establish general laws in relation to innate drives , whilst considering unique experiences during childhood
Is the psychodynamic approach scientific
Not scientific
Examines many concepts and theories, which cannot be a empirically tested . Relies on subjective interpretation.
Which side does the humanistic approach take in the free will vs determinism approach
Free will
Humans control their own environment and are capable of change
Which side does the humanistic approach take in the nature vs nurture approach
Mostly nurture
Behaviour are shaped by the environment as humans strive to achieve self-actualisation
Which side does the humanistic approach take in the reductionism vs holism approach
Holism
Focuses on understanding all aspects of human experience and interaction
Which side does the humanistic approach take in the idiographic vs nomothetic approach
Idiographic
Focuses on the subject of human experience, and makes no attempt to create general laws
Is the humanistic approach scientific
Not scientific
Reject scientific methods and is therefore unable to provide empirical evidence
Define imitation
A form of learning suggested by social learning theory, which proposes that people learn through copying the behaviour of a role model they identify
With
Pyschodynamic:
Define congruence
When a person’s ideal self and actual self are aligned.
Pyschodynamic:
Define defence mechanisms
Strategies employed by the ego to protect the mind from feelings that may be too overwhelming.
Pyschodynamic:
A defence mechanism utilised by the unconscious mind. This is the complete refusal to acknowledge the occurrence of an event, in an attempt to prevent harm.
Pyschodynamic:
Define displacement
A defence mechanism utilised by the unconscious mind. This mechanism works by substituting the real target of overwhelming emotions with a (usually) defenceless target. This allows for a cathartic release of emotions that would not be possible with the original target.
Pyschodynamic
Denice repression
A defence mechanism utilised by the unconscious mind. This mechanism prevents disturbing thoughts/memories reaching the conscious mind, in an attempt to prevent harm.
Define schema
A mental framework based on previous information that allows us to interpret new information efficiently.
Humanistic:
Define self actualisation
person’s full potential, which can be achieved
after primarv needs have been met
Define free will
The idea that we are in full control of our behaviour and decisions.
