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Y - PE - My Specific Notes > PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 classification continua?

A
  • environment
  • pacing
  • organisation
  • muscular involvement
  • difficulty
  • continuity
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2
Q

What skills are in the environment continua ?

A

open / closed

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3
Q

What skills are in the pacing continua ?

A

self / external

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4
Q

What skills are in the organisation continua ?

A

high / low

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5
Q

What skills are in the muscular involvement continua ?

A

fine / gross

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6
Q

What skills are in the difficulty continua ?

A

simple / complex

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7
Q

What skills are in the continuity continua ?

A

discrete / serial / continuous

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8
Q

Classification Type - Difficulty - Simple & Complex

A

Simple

  • Hardly any judgements needed
  • Few Decisions to be made
  • Can be taught as a whole
  • eg Foward roll

Complex

  • Many decisions to be made
  • Information needed before completing skill
  • Needs to be learnt in stages
  • eg Slip Catch
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9
Q

Classification Type - Environment - Open & Closed

A

Open

  • Affected by the environment
  • Predominantly perceptual
  • Unpredictable environment - different pitch, opposition, the position of teammates
  • eg dribble in football

Closed

  • Not affected by the environment
  • Predominantly habitual
  • Movements follow a set pattern
  • Predictable environment
  • Usually self-paced
  • eg serve in tennis
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10
Q

Classification Type - Pacing - Self & External

A

Self-paced

  • Performer controls the rate of execution
  • Performer is pro-active in the action
  • eg serve in tennis

Externally paced

  • Environment controls rate in which skill is executed
  • Performer is reactive in the action
  • eg a return in tennis
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11
Q

Classification Type - Muscular Involvement - Gross & Fine

A

Gross

  • Involves movement of large muscle groups
  • Skills are not very precise
  • Involves fundamental movement patterns
  • eg sprint

Fine

  • Involves more intricate muscles
  • Uses small muscle groups
  • Tendency to be precise
  • High degree of hand-eye coordination
  • eg snooker shot
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12
Q

Classification Type - Continuity - Discrete & Serial & Continous

A

Discrete

  • Clear beginning and end
  • Skill can be repeated but has to start from beginning
  • eg Darts throw

Serial

  • Several discrete elements put together to make a sequence
  • eg triple jump

Continous

  • No obvious beginning and end
  • End of a cycle is the beginning of another
  • eg cycling
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13
Q

Classification Type - Organisation - High & Low

A

High

  • Number of elements or subroutines that are difficult to seperate
  • eg forward roll

Low

  • Split up into subroutines which are easily identified as separate movements
  • eg tennis serve
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14
Q

What are the 8 different types of practice?

A
  • massed practice
  • distributed practice
  • varied practice
  • fixed practice
  • whole method
  • part method
  • whole part whole method
  • progressive part method
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15
Q

What is MASSED PRACTICE ?

A
  • practising continuously without a break
  • simple and discrete
  • experienced athletes
  • eg racquet strokes

Benefits include

  • Improve fitness and deal with fatigue
  • Groove the skill (habitual)
  • Allows for replication of game-like situations
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16
Q

What is DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE ?

A
  • practising with breaks
  • complex and new skills
  • gives time to recover/feedback
  • Do not do things that will lead to negative transfer

Benefits include

  • Helps when skill is continuous
  • Helps when skill is dangerous
  • Better for beginners and less motivated students HOWEVER it can lead to demotivation and lack of concentration if there is excessive recovery
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17
Q

What is VARIED PRACTICE ?

A
  • Allows performer to come into contact with a range of experiences
  • Helps performer adapt to changes in environment
  • Used when skill is open
  • Each situation different from last
  • Allows performer to draw on strategies from LTM
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18
Q

What is FIXED PRACTICE ?

A
  • Stable and predictable environment
  • Closed skills
  • Allows movement to become habitual
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19
Q

What is POSITIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when learning in one task enhanced by learning in another task
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20
Q

What is an example of POSITIVE TRANSFER ?

A

sprinter - bobslay golf - cricket

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21
Q

What is NEGATIVE TRANSFER

A
  • the learning of one skill is hindered by the learning of another
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22
Q

Give an example of NEGATIVE LEARNING

A

tennis - badminton

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23
Q

What is PROACTIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when a skill learned previously is used to help one being currently learned
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24
Q

Give an example of PROACTIVE TRANSFER

A

basketball - netball (pass)

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25
Q

What is RETROACTIVE TRANSFER ?

A
  • when a skill being learned interferes with a skill already learned
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26
Q

Give an example of RECTROACTIVE TRANSFER

A

when a netball player returns to netball after playing basketball, there may want to run with the ball

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27
Q

What is BILATERAL TRANSFER ?

A
  • learning a skill on your non-dominant hand/foot
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28
Q

What is RECALL SCHEMA ?

A
  • occurs before movement happens - involves initial conditions and response specifications
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29
Q

What are INITIAL CONDITIONS ?

A
  1. Where is the (goal, opposition, team mate) ?2. What is the environment like ? 3. What condition am I in ?
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30
Q

What are RESPONSE SPECIFICATIONS ?

A
  1. How fast do i need to go ? (SPEED)2. Where do i need to pass the ball ? (DIRECTION)3. How hard to i need to pass the ball ? (POWER)4. Which technique will produce the best results ? (TECHNIQUE)
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31
Q

What is RECOGNISION SCHEMA ?

A
  • occurs during / after the skill- allows the recognision of what needs to be improved
32
Q

What are MOVEMENT OUTCOMES ?

A
  • knowledge of results - end result and comparison to intended outcome
33
Q

What is SENSORY CONSEQUENCE ?

A
  • knowledge of performance - intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
34
Q

What skills are on the DIFFICULTY continua ?

A

simple - complex

35
Q

COMPLEX SKILL : EXAMPLE

A

HOCKEY - mid-field pass

36
Q

SIMPLE SKILL : EXAMPLE

A

SWIMMING - sprint start

37
Q

What skills are on the ENVIRONMENTAL continua ?

A

open - closed

38
Q

OPEN SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

FOOTBALL - pass based on position of defenders

39
Q

CLOSED SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

TENNIS - serve

40
Q

What skills are on the PACING continua ?

A

self-paced - externally-paced

41
Q

SELF-PACED SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

ATHLETICS - javelin throw

42
Q

EXTERNALLY-PACED SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

BADMINTON - serve

43
Q

What skills are on the MUSCULAR INVOLVEMENT continua ?

A

gross - fine

44
Q

GROSS SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

ATHLETICS - shot-put

45
Q

FINE SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

SNOOKER

46
Q

What skills are on the CONTINUITY continua ?

A

discrete - serial - continuous

47
Q

DISCRETE SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

HOCKEY - penalty flick

48
Q

SERIAL SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

ATHLETICS - triple jump

49
Q

CONTINUOUS SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

CYCLING

50
Q

What skills are on the ORGANISATION continua ?

A

high organisation - low organisation

51
Q

LOW ORGANISATION SKILLS : EXAMPLE

A

TENNIS - serve

52
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the part method ?

A
  • allows performer to make sense of the skill - achieve initial success with basic movements - gain confidence - good to use when you can see certain parts they are struggling with - Easier to teach/less overwhelming to learner
53
Q

What skills is the part method good for ?

A
  • low organisation - serial - complex (only if low organisation)
54
Q

What are the three types of the PART method (Wightman and Lintern)

A
  • fractionisation - segmentation - simplification
55
Q

What is FRACTIONISATION ?

A
  • practising the separate sub-routines of the whole skill - Allows the performer to understand the requirements - Eg. breathing in swimming
56
Q

What is SEGMENTATION ?

A

same as progressive-part method

57
Q

What is SIMPLIFICATION ?

A

reducing the difficulty of the subroutines e.g. using large sponge ball

58
Q

Give an example of the PART method

A

tennis serve = back swing before striking the ball

59
Q

What is the WHOLE method ?

A
  • skill is taught without breaking it down/ taught in its entirety - enhances kinaesthetic sense
60
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the whole method ?

A
  • execute the skill fluently/ timing correctly - appreciate the relationship between each movement - gain kinaesthetic feel/ develop schema - easily transfer into full competitive situations
61
Q

What skills is the whole method good for ?

A

rapid or ballistic skills

62
Q

Give an example of the whole method

A

golf swing = each part interacts closely with each other

63
Q

What is the WHOLE-PART-WHOLE method ?

A
  • firstly attempts the whole skills - then broken down - then puts sub-routines together
64
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the whole-part-whole method ?

A
  • allows athlete to understand the technique - allows performer to focus and perfect certain parts - increases success rate - more fluent
65
Q

What skills is the whole-part-whole method good for ?

A
  • low organisation - serial
66
Q

Give an example of the whole-part-whole method ?

A
  • basketball layup - break skills down into run-up and take-off
67
Q

What is the PROGRESSIVE-PART method ?

A
  • serial skills are broken down into sub-routines - each sub-routine is seen as a link of a chain - two links are then practices, then three links
68
Q

What skills is the progressive-part method good for ?

A
  • serial and complex
69
Q

Give an example of the progressive-part method

A

breaststroke = leg action and then arm action

70
Q

Give an example of distributed practice

A
  • football dribbling between cones - get feedback after doing one set
71
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of part method?

A
  • Harder to adapt - Lack of realism - Less fluency in movement - Takes longer
72
Q

What is Part method?

A
  • skills are split up into sub-routines - fractionisation
73
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of whole method?

A
  • Difficult to use for complex skills - Difficult for novice performers - Not ideal for dangerous skills
74
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the whole-part-whole method ?

A
  • takes longer - could lose kinaesthethic awareness - transfer may be difficult - timing whole skill put together could be difficult
75
Q

What are the STRENGTHS of the progressive part method ?

A
  • allows complex skills to be broken down - novice performers can achieve success - develop understanding between subroutines - transfer to whole skill is easier
76
Q

What are the WEAKNESSES of the progressive part method ?

A
  • time consuming - performer can become too focused on particular subroutines

Y - PE - My Specific Notes (28 decks)

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