PAPER 2 - Skill Acquisition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 6 classification continua?
A
- environment
- pacing
- organisation
- muscular involvement
- difficulty
- continuity
2
Q
What skills are in the environment continua ?
A
open / closed
3
Q
What skills are in the pacing continua ?
A
self / external
4
Q
What skills are in the organisation continua ?
A
high / low
5
Q
What skills are in the muscular involvement continua ?
A
fine / gross
6
Q
What skills are in the difficulty continua ?
A
simple / complex
7
Q
What skills are in the continuity continua ?
A
discrete / serial / continuous
8
Q
Classification Type - Difficulty - Simple & Complex
A
Simple
- Hardly any judgements needed
- Few Decisions to be made
- Can be taught as a whole
- eg Foward roll
Complex
- Many decisions to be made
- Information needed before completing skill
- Needs to be learnt in stages
- eg Slip Catch
9
Q
Classification Type - Environment - Open & Closed
A
Open
- Affected by the environment
- Predominantly perceptual
- Unpredictable environment - different pitch, opposition, the position of teammates
- eg dribble in football
Closed
- Not affected by the environment
- Predominantly habitual
- Movements follow a set pattern
- Predictable environment
- Usually self-paced
- eg serve in tennis
10
Q
Classification Type - Pacing - Self & External
A
Self-paced
- Performer controls the rate of execution
- Performer is pro-active in the action
- eg serve in tennis
Externally paced
- Environment controls rate in which skill is executed
- Performer is reactive in the action
- eg a return in tennis
11
Q
Classification Type - Muscular Involvement - Gross & Fine
A
Gross
- Involves movement of large muscle groups
- Skills are not very precise
- Involves fundamental movement patterns
- eg sprint
Fine
- Involves more intricate muscles
- Uses small muscle groups
- Tendency to be precise
- High degree of hand-eye coordination
- eg snooker shot
12
Q
Classification Type - Continuity - Discrete & Serial & Continous
A
Discrete
- Clear beginning and end
- Skill can be repeated but has to start from beginning
- eg Darts throw
Serial
- Several discrete elements put together to make a sequence
- eg triple jump
Continous
- No obvious beginning and end
- End of a cycle is the beginning of another
- eg cycling
13
Q
Classification Type - Organisation - High & Low
A
High
- Number of elements or subroutines that are difficult to seperate
- eg forward roll
Low
- Split up into subroutines which are easily identified as separate movements
- eg tennis serve
14
Q
What are the 8 different types of practice?
A
- massed practice
- distributed practice
- varied practice
- fixed practice
- whole method
- part method
- whole part whole method
- progressive part method
15
Q
What is MASSED PRACTICE ?
A
- practising continuously without a break
- simple and discrete
- experienced athletes
- eg racquet strokes
Benefits include
- Improve fitness and deal with fatigue
- Groove the skill (habitual)
- Allows for replication of game-like situations
16
Q
What is DISTRIBUTED PRACTICE ?
A
- practising with breaks
- complex and new skills
- gives time to recover/feedback
- Do not do things that will lead to negative transfer
Benefits include
- Helps when skill is continuous
- Helps when skill is dangerous
- Better for beginners and less motivated students HOWEVER it can lead to demotivation and lack of concentration if there is excessive recovery
17
Q
What is VARIED PRACTICE ?
A
- Allows performer to come into contact with a range of experiences
- Helps performer adapt to changes in environment
- Used when skill is open
- Each situation different from last
- Allows performer to draw on strategies from LTM
18
Q
What is FIXED PRACTICE ?
A
- Stable and predictable environment
- Closed skills
- Allows movement to become habitual
19
Q
What is POSITIVE TRANSFER ?
A
- when learning in one task enhanced by learning in another task
20
Q
What is an example of POSITIVE TRANSFER ?
A
sprinter - bobslay golf - cricket
21
Q
What is NEGATIVE TRANSFER
A
- the learning of one skill is hindered by the learning of another
22
Q
Give an example of NEGATIVE LEARNING
A
tennis - badminton
23
Q
What is PROACTIVE TRANSFER ?
A
- when a skill learned previously is used to help one being currently learned
24
Q
Give an example of PROACTIVE TRANSFER
A
basketball - netball (pass)
25
What is RETROACTIVE TRANSFER ?
- when a skill being learned interferes with a skill already learned
26
Give an example of RECTROACTIVE TRANSFER
when a netball player returns to netball after playing basketball, there may want to run with the ball
27
What is BILATERAL TRANSFER ?
- learning a skill on your non-dominant hand/foot
28
What is RECALL SCHEMA ?
- occurs before movement happens - involves initial conditions and response specifications
29
What are INITIAL CONDITIONS ?
1. Where is the (goal, opposition, team mate) ?2. What is the environment like ? 3. What condition am I in ?
30
What are RESPONSE SPECIFICATIONS ?
1. How fast do i need to go ? (SPEED)2. Where do i need to pass the ball ? (DIRECTION)3. How hard to i need to pass the ball ? (POWER)4. Which technique will produce the best results ? (TECHNIQUE)
31
What is RECOGNISION SCHEMA ?
- occurs during / after the skill- allows the recognision of what needs to be improved
32
What are MOVEMENT OUTCOMES ?
- knowledge of results - end result and comparison to intended outcome
33
What is SENSORY CONSEQUENCE ?
- knowledge of performance - intrinsic and extrinsic feedback
34
What skills are on the DIFFICULTY continua ?
simple - complex
35
COMPLEX SKILL : EXAMPLE
HOCKEY - mid-field pass
36
SIMPLE SKILL : EXAMPLE
SWIMMING - sprint start
37
What skills are on the ENVIRONMENTAL continua ?
open - closed
38
OPEN SKILLS : EXAMPLE
FOOTBALL - pass based on position of defenders
39
CLOSED SKILLS : EXAMPLE
TENNIS - serve
40
What skills are on the PACING continua ?
self-paced - externally-paced
41
SELF-PACED SKILLS : EXAMPLE
ATHLETICS - javelin throw
42
EXTERNALLY-PACED SKILLS : EXAMPLE
BADMINTON - serve
43
What skills are on the MUSCULAR INVOLVEMENT continua ?
gross - fine
44
GROSS SKILLS : EXAMPLE
ATHLETICS - shot-put
45
FINE SKILLS : EXAMPLE
SNOOKER
46
What skills are on the CONTINUITY continua ?
discrete - serial - continuous
47
DISCRETE SKILLS : EXAMPLE
HOCKEY - penalty flick
48
SERIAL SKILLS : EXAMPLE
ATHLETICS - triple jump
49
CONTINUOUS SKILLS : EXAMPLE
CYCLING
50
What skills are on the ORGANISATION continua ?
high organisation - low organisation
51
LOW ORGANISATION SKILLS : EXAMPLE
TENNIS - serve
52
What are the STRENGTHS of the part method ?
- allows performer to make sense of the skill - achieve initial success with basic movements - gain confidence - good to use when you can see certain parts they are struggling with - Easier to teach/less overwhelming to learner
53
What skills is the part method good for ?
- low organisation - serial - complex (only if low organisation)
54
What are the three types of the PART method (Wightman and Lintern)
- fractionisation - segmentation - simplification
55
What is FRACTIONISATION ?
- practising the separate sub-routines of the whole skill - Allows the performer to understand the requirements - Eg. breathing in swimming
56
What is SEGMENTATION ?
same as progressive-part method
57
What is SIMPLIFICATION ?
reducing the difficulty of the subroutines e.g. using large sponge ball
58
Give an example of the PART method
tennis serve = back swing before striking the ball
59
What is the WHOLE method ?
- skill is taught without breaking it down/ taught in its entirety - enhances kinaesthetic sense
60
What are the STRENGTHS of the whole method ?
- execute the skill fluently/ timing correctly - appreciate the relationship between each movement - gain kinaesthetic feel/ develop schema - easily transfer into full competitive situations
61
What skills is the whole method good for ?
rapid or ballistic skills
62
Give an example of the whole method
golf swing = each part interacts closely with each other
63
What is the WHOLE-PART-WHOLE method ?
- firstly attempts the whole skills - then broken down - then puts sub-routines together
64
What are the STRENGTHS of the whole-part-whole method ?
- allows athlete to understand the technique - allows performer to focus and perfect certain parts - increases success rate - more fluent
65
What skills is the whole-part-whole method good for ?
- low organisation - serial
66
Give an example of the whole-part-whole method ?
- basketball layup - break skills down into run-up and take-off
67
What is the PROGRESSIVE-PART method ?
- serial skills are broken down into sub-routines - each sub-routine is seen as a link of a chain - two links are then practices, then three links
68
What skills is the progressive-part method good for ?
- serial and complex
69
Give an example of the progressive-part method
breaststroke = leg action and then arm action
70
Give an example of distributed practice
- football dribbling between cones - get feedback after doing one set
71
What are the WEAKNESSES of part method?
- Harder to adapt - Lack of realism - Less fluency in movement - Takes longer
72
What is Part method?
- skills are split up into sub-routines - fractionisation
73
What are the WEAKNESSES of whole method?
- Difficult to use for complex skills - Difficult for novice performers - Not ideal for dangerous skills
74
What are the WEAKNESSES of the whole-part-whole method ?
- takes longer - could lose kinaesthethic awareness - transfer may be difficult - timing whole skill put together could be difficult
75
What are the STRENGTHS of the progressive part method ?
- allows complex skills to be broken down - novice performers can achieve success - develop understanding between subroutines - transfer to whole skill is easier
76
What are the WEAKNESSES of the progressive part method ?
- time consuming - performer can become too focused on particular subroutines
