20th century

Question 1

How did social class change in the 20th century?

Answer 1

In the first half there was still a class divide
Second half class less obvious and there was greater equality between classes

Question 2

How was sport divided by class?

Answer 2

Amateurs and professionals for the first half but less so towards end as boundaries became more blurred (more equality)

Question 3

Who had the right to leisure?

Answer 3

Upper class as they had more time and money. Have exclusive sports like polo

Question 4

What role did upper class have in boxing?

Answer 4

Sponsors

Question 5

What schools did upper class children attend?

Answer 5

Public/independent/grammar schools

Given more sporting opportunity

Question 6

What class was amateurism dominated by?

Answer 6

Middle class. Looked down on working class but increasingly played sport with them eg cricket.

Question 7

What roles did the middle class have in sport?

Answer 7

Participating (amateurs)
Social networking and status eg golf
Ran private clubs
Ran NGBs

Question 8

What schools did the middle class go to?

Answer 8

Grammar schools so had more opportunities and provisions for sport

Question 9

What class were professionals?

Answer 9

Working class

Question 10

What class are associated with darts?

Answer 10

Working class as they went to pubs to play sports such as darts and pool

Question 11

What class was mainly responsible for spectatorism?

Answer 11

Working class, less time and money so may not be able to afford to participate but could afford to spectate

Question 12

What happened to spectatorism during the economic depression and recession?

Answer 12

Decreased as clubs went bankrupt and working class couldn’t afford to spectate

Question 13

What happened to equality between classes at the end of the century?

Answer 13

Greater equality.
More social mobility (from working class to professional footballer)

Question 14

What is the main point of gender?

Answer 14

Still male dominated at all levels but opportunities for women had increased

Question 15

What was gender discrimination like at the start of the century?

Answer 15

Participation had fallen drastically in 1900 especially for working class women.
Professionals watched mainly by men.
Working class women excluded from professional sport by constraint of time and money.

Question 16

How did gender discrimination change in the 20th century?

Answer 16

WW1 and 2 meant women took over in jobs that men thought they couldn’t do
1960s women’s liberation movement, increase participation
1980s feminist movement - equal pay and sports federations set up

Question 17

What are some examples of how gender discrimination changed?

Answer 17

1984 first women’s olympic marathon

1983 women’s rugby union formed.

Question 18

What is the main point for law and order?

Answer 18

Sports had written codes of conduct with most cruel sports disappearing with exception to hunting/shooting by the gentry

Question 19

What was the law and order like at the start of the century?

Answer 19

Middle class didn't like professional sport as saw it as too common because of the drinking and gambling associated with it
After WW1 spectator sport became popular
Spectators well behaved - symbolised orderliness of british working class

Question 20

What was the impact to sport of WW1 and 2?

Answer 20

Negative impact on participation in sport

Question 21

What is a good example of law and order improving in sport?

Answer 21

Boxing required competitors to wear gloves and biting/kicking were outlawed

Question 22

How did law and order change in the second half of the 20th century?

Answer 22

Drugs/doping blighted athletics in the 1960s onwards due to increased pressure to win
There was a rise in hooliganism in the 1970/80s which damaged the reputation of football

Question 23

What is a good example of how doping increased in the 20th century?

Answer 23

Ben Johnson stripped of 100m gold at 1988 Seoul olympics because of doping

Question 24

What is a good example of how hooliganism started in the 20th century?

Answer 24

Heysel stadium disaster in 1985

Hillsborough disaster in 1989

Question 25

Why did athletes begin to take illegal performance enhancing drugs from 1960 onwards?

Answer 25

Money now came with winning so more pressure to win

Improved technology so easier to get/take the drugs

Question 26

What is the most important sociocultural impact on sport?

Answer 26

Education

Question 27

What is the main point for how education impacted sport?

Answer 27

Physical development became an important part of education and was crucial for the emergence of modern sport

Question 28

What are the 4 sections to talk about in how education affected sport?

Answer 28

Butler education act
National curriculum
Types of schools
Sports science

Question 29

What was the Butler education act?

Answer 29

In 1944 this introduced the physical development of children into legislation

Question 30

What was the national curriculum?

Answer 30

In 1988 PE became an important part of the national curriculum and at least 2 hours a week was compulsory

Question 31

How did the types of schools impact sport?

Answer 31

2 secondary schools, grammar and secondary technical. both had opportunities but grammar more so as emulated independent schools.
Independent and public schools had best opportunities/provisions as had most money.

Question 32

How did sports science impact sport?

Answer 32

Became academic discipline 0/A level and degree level.
Better education/technology developing sport at all levels and for disabled people.
Sport promoted through extracurricular.

Question 33

What is the main point for how time and money affected sport?

Answer 33

Gradual increase in both leisure time and money for general population. Increased opportunity, provision and participation

Question 34

How did time and money affect sport at the start of the century?

Answer 34

Upper/middle class had more leisure time for sport than working class.
Changes in working hours allowed more leisure time.
Pubs were the focal point for working class Eg darts

Question 35

What sports flourished inside pubs?

Answer 35

Darts, billiards and dominoes.

Question 36

What happened to time and money’s effect on sport at the end of the century?

Answer 36

More time and money for working class but still issues of unemployment and poverty.
Some sports still unaffordable (golf)
Municipal facilities made for working class, private clubs for upper/middle.
Sending kid to independent school with better sport unaffordable for most.

Question 37

How did transport affect development of sport?

Answer 37

Cars widespread, travel to train, compete and spectate.
Cheap air travel, globalisation of sport.
Can train/compete abroad.
Officials/coaches/players can travel so easier access to the olympics and world cup tournaments.