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Y - PE - My Specific Notes > PAPER 1 - Injury Prevention > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Injury Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What are ACUTE INJURIES ?

A

sudden injury associated with a traumatic event

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2
Q

ACUTE INJURIES : CAUSES

A
  • collision
  • fall
  • excessive impact
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3
Q

ACUTE INJURIES : EXAMPLE

A
  • football - fracture metatarsal - kicking ball

- netball - sprain ankle - bad landing

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4
Q

ACUTE INJURIES : SYMPTOMS (5)

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • lack of movement
  • disfiguration
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5
Q

What are CHRONIC INJURIES ?

A

slowly developed injury associated with overuse

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6
Q

CHRONIC INJURIES : CAUSES

A
  • sudden increase in intensity / frequency / duration
  • reduction in recovery
  • warm up / cool-down
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7
Q

What are HARD TISSUE INJURIES ?

A

damage to the bone, joint or cartilage including fractures and dislocations

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8
Q

What are SOFT TISSUE INJURIES ?

A

damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament, including tears, strains and sprains

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9
Q

What are the two types of HARD TISSUE INJURIES (acute injuries) ?

A
  • fractures

- dislocations

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10
Q

What is a FRACTURE ?

A

PARTIAL or COMPLETE break in the bone due to an EXCESSIVE FORCE that overcomes the bone’s POTENTIAL TO FLEX

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11
Q

What are the 9 types of FRACTURES ?

A
  • compound (open)
  • simple (closed)
  • incomplete
  • complete
  • greenstick
  • transverse / oblique / spiral
  • comminuted
  • impacted
  • avulsion
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12
Q

COMPOUND FRACTURE ?

A

fractured bone breaks through the skin, creating an OPEN WOUND with high risk of infection

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13
Q

SIMPLE FRACTURE ?

A

skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes LITTLE MOVEMENT of the bone and therefore minimises the damage to the SOFT TISSUE surrounding it

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14
Q

INCOMPLETE FRACTURE ?

A

PARTIAL CRACK in the bone that doesn’t completely separate the bone

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15
Q

COMPLETE FRACTURE ?

A

TOTAL BREAK in the bone which separates the bone into one or more FRAGMENTS

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16
Q

GREENSTICK FRACTURE ?

A

SPLITTING PARTIAL BREAK in the bone resulting from a BENDING ACTION

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17
Q

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE ?

A

PERPENDICULAR CRACK across the length of the bone

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18
Q

OBLIQUE FRACTURE ?

A

DIAGONAL CRACK across the length of the bone

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19
Q

SPIRAL FRACTURE ?

A

TWISTING DIAGONAL CRACK across the length of the bone

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20
Q

COMMINUTED FRACTURE ?

A

CRACK producing MULTIPLE FRAGMENTS of bone and a long recovery process

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21
Q

IMPACTED FRACTURE ?

A

BREAK caused by the ends of a bone being COMPRESSED together

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22
Q

AVULSION FRACTURE ?

A

bone fragment DETACHED at the site of connective tissue attachment

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23
Q

What is a DISLOCATION ?

A

the DISPLACEMENT of one bone from another out of their ORIGINAL POSITION

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24
Q

DISLOCATION : CAUSE

A

direct force = collision

indirect force = a fall

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25
DISLOCATION : TYPICAL SITES (7)
- shoulder - hip - knee - ankle - elbow - fingers - toes
26
DISLOCATION : SYMPTOMS (5)
- severe pain - loss of movement - deformity - swelling - 'pop' feeling
27
What is a SUBLUXATION ?
incomplete / partial dislocation = overstretched ligament = permanently lengthened = decrease joint stability
28
What are the SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (acute injuries) ?
- contusions (bruises) and haematoma - sprain - strain - abrasion - blisters
29
What are CONTUSIONS ?
ruptured blood vessels in skin or tissue
30
What is a RUPTURE ?
COMPLETE TEAR of a muscle, tendon or ligaments
31
What is a HAEMATOMA ?
localised CONGEALED bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels
32
What is a SPRAIN ?
OVERSTRETCH or tear in the LIGAMENTS
33
SPRAIN : CAUSES
- impact / fall = beyond RoM
34
SPRAIN : TYPICAL SITES
- ankle (games players) - knee (football) - thumbs - wrists
35
SPRAIN : SYMPTOMS (5)
- pain - swelling - bruising - inability to bear weight - dislocation
36
What is a FIRST-DEGREE SPRAIN ?
overstretch of ligaments
37
What is a SECOND-DEGREE SPRAIN ?
partial tear of ligaments
38
What is a THIRD-DEGREE SPRAIN ?
total rupture of ligaments
39
What is a STRAIN ?
OVERSTRETCH or tear in the MUSCLE or TENDON
40
STRAIN : CAUSE
contracting muscle fibres too quickly
41
STRAIN : EXAMPLE
badminton - lunging for drop shot | 100m - running out blocks
42
STRAIN : SYMPTOMS (4)
- pain - swelling - discolouration - bruising
43
What is a Grade 1 STRAIN ?
minor damage to fibres
44
What is a Grade 2 STRAIN ?
extensive damage but no complete rupture
45
What is a Grade 3 STRAIN ?
complete rupture = surgery
46
What is an ABRASION ?
SUPERFICIAL DAMAGE to the SKIN caused by scraping it against a surface
47
ABRASION : EXAMPLE
- falling on athletics track / astro / netball pitch
48
What is the technical term for cut ?
laceration
49
What is the technical term for stitching ?
suturing
50
What are BLISTERS ?
FRICTION forming SEPARATION of layers of SKIN where a pockets of FLUID forms
51
What is CONCUSSION ?
a traumatic BRAIN INJURY resulting from a disturbance of BRAIN FUNCTION
52
CONCUSSION : SYMPTOMS (5)
- headache - dizziness - balance problems - nausea - unconscious (10% of cases)
53
CONCUSSION : CAUSES
- direct hit to the head | - impact in other areas that cause rapid movement of head
54
How does CONCUSSION occur ?
impact = acceleration against rough inner wall = rebounds = swelling in biochemistry = confusion
55
What is OSTEOARTHRITIS ?
DEGENERATION of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE from the bone surfaces within a joint, causing pain and restricted movement
56
CHRONIC INJURIES : EXAMPLE
skier - knee - osteoarthritis | basketball - tibia - stress fracture
57
What are the types of HARD TISSUE INJURIES (chronic injuries) ?
stress fractures
58
What is a STRESS FRACTURE ?
TINY CRACK in the surface of a bone caused by overuse
59
What sports are STRESS FRACTURES common in ?
- distance running - tennis - gymnastics - basketball
60
STRESS FRACTURES : TYPICAL SITES
- lower body | - tibia
61
STRESS FRACTURES : CAUSES
- intensive overload - unfamiliar surface inappropriate equipment
62
What are the types of SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (chronic injuries) ?
- shin splints | - tendinosis
63
What is SHIN SPLINTS ?
chronic SHIN PAIN due to the inflammation of muscles and stress on the TENDON ATTACHMENTS to the surface of the tibia
64
What is the most common form of SHIN SPLINTS ?
medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)
65
What are BONE SPURS ?
OUTGROWTHS of BONE into a joint, causing pain and restricted movement
66
What is TEDINOSIS ?
DETERIORATION of a TENDON in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain
67
What are the two types of TEDINOSIS ?
- achilles tendinosis | - tennis elbow
68
What is ACHILLES TENDINOSIS ?
pain and deterioration of the tendon in the HEEL due to overuse and repetitive strain
69
What is TENNIS ELBOW ?
TENDON pain in the FOREARM due to chronic overuse and repetitive strain
70
TENDINOSIS : SYMPTOMS (5)
- burning - stinging - aching - tenderness - stiffness
71
TENDINOSIS : TYPICAL SITES
- wrist - forearm - elbow - shoulder - knee - heel
72
* What are the typical injuries of ATHLETES ?
- muscle strain = legs = explosive movement | - ankle sprain = dynamic movement
73
* What are the typical injuries of CRICKET PLAYERS ?
- back strains = repetitive movement | - knee sprain = dynamic movement
74
* What are the typical injuries of FOOTBALLERS ?
- abrasions and boot-stud injuries = tackling | - knee sprain = dynamic movement
75
* What are the typical injuries of RACKET SPORTS ?
- tennis elbow = repetitive movements | - muscle strain = repetitive movements
76
What age category is most at risk of acute injuries ?
15-25 females
77
What percentage of acute injuries require hospital attention ?
19%
78
Which sports are most at risk of injury ?
- high impact and dynamic | - football / rugby / athletics
79
What are the two classification of RISK FACTORS ?
- intrinsic risk factors | - extrinsic risk factors
80
What are INTRINSIC RISK FACTORS ?
risks of force from WITHIN the body
81
What are the 2 elements to INTRINSIC RISK FACTORS
- individual variables | - training effects
82
What are EXTRINSIC RISK FACTORS ?
risks of force from OUTSIDE the body
83
What are the 3 elements to EXTRINSIC RISK FACTORS ?
- poor technique - incorrect equipment - inappropriate intensity / duration / frequency
84
What are the 4 types of of INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES ?
- previous injury - posture and alignment - age - nutrition
85
What are the 3 TRAINING EFFECTS ?
- poor preparation = warm up, nutrition, sleep, hydration - inadequate fitness level = early fatigue leads to poor technique - inappropriate flexibility = limited RoM
86
How can POOR TECHNIQUE lead to injuries ?
- excessive stress on muscles | - limits strength, power and speed
87
How can INCORRECT CLOTHING / EQUIPMENT lead to injuries ?
- accelerates onset of injury | - child starting tennis shouldn't use full size racket
88
Give some examples of protective equipment
- cricket = knee pads - boxing = gum shield, gloves - netball = ankle braces (stability)
89
Give some examples of sport-specific clothing
second skin = (gymnasts) to increase RoM contain padding = reduces external impact (American football) aerodynamic = decrease friction (Cyclists)

Y - PE - My Specific Notes (28 decks)

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