Paper 2 Section C Flashcards
what is a resource
a stock o supply of something that has value or purpose
why is food important as a resource
bad diet leads to illness
well fed = more productive
why can food overabundance lead to problems
UPF leads to obesity
what are problems with global food inequality
malnutrition
why is a good water resource important
drinking
crops
energy
what are global water inequalities
is expensive to get, transfer and store
climate affects abundance
why is energy security important
needed for light, power and heat
powers industry
fuels transportation
problems of energy insecurity
rich countries use more
middle east is a major supplier yet uses little
demand increases with NEE industrialisation
how much of the UK’s food is imported
40%
why does the UK import so much food
cheaper
foods that don’t grow in the UK
out of season food
what are the problems with importing food
food miles => carbon footprint
how is the UK responding to over-importing food
people are being encouraged to eat local, seasonal produce
what amount of the UK’s water is used domestically
1/2
why is the water demand increasing
rapid population increase
what is water surplus
water supply exceeds demand
what is water deficit
water demand exceeds supply
how much of the UK experiences water stress
> 1/2
how is water quality managed
water is filtered to remove sediment
strict regulation
microorganisms killed with chlorine
how can water be polluted
industrial waste
field fertilisers
leaching from mines
why do people have problems with water transfer
effect on land and wildlife
expensive
greenhouse gases released to pump it
UK energy mix in 1990
3/4 was fossil fuels
UK energy mix in 2007
more gas and nuclear
UK energy mix in 2014
significantly more renewables such as wind and solar
why has the UK’s energy use fllen in recent years
decline of heavy industry
energy conservation
how much of the UK’s oil and gas have been used up
75%
why will fossil fuels continue to be used for decades
remaining resources
coal is cheap
shale gase may be found and used
economic impacts of nuclear
expensive
decomissioning is expensive
new plants create jobs
environmental impacts of nuclear
hard to dispose of waste safely
waste warm water can harm ecosystems
economic impacts of wind farms
high construction costs
local homes have lower energy costs
environmental impacts of wind farms
eyesore
reduce carbon footprint
noise pollution
what causes water deficit
low rainfall
high population
heavy industry
what is water security
enough clean water to have a good QoL
what is water insecurity
not enough water for a region to have a good QoL
how little water does there need to be for there to be water stress
1700m³
what are examples of regions with water stress
Caribbean islands
middle east
why is water consumption increasing
increasing population
economic development
lifestyle changes
water is used for energy
what factors affect water availability
geology
climate
over-abstraction
pollution
poverty
limited infrastructure
how does water availability change with climate
high rainfall leads to surplus
how does water availability change with geology
permeability of rocks affects groundwater supplies
how does water availability change with over-abstraction
pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replaced can lead to the water table lowering and wells to dry up
how does water availability change with pollution
waste means water is impotable
how does water availability change with limited infrastructure
poor countries cant afford to pump water around
how does water availability change with poverty
shared or no mains water
what does contaminated water cause
cholera
how many litres of sewage enter the Ganges each day
1 billion L
how much of the worlds water is used by agriculture
70%
how much of Egypt’s food is imported
60%
how much is chinas industrial output lowered by water shortages
$40 billion
what is an example of water conflict
turkey built a dam causing anger downstream in Syria
how can water be diverted to increase storage
heavy infrequent rainfall means water is diverted to alluvial soil underground so it is stored
what are advantages of dams
control river flow
water can be used for irrigation
often prevent flooding
what are disadvantages of dams
displace people
expensive
reduce downstream water flow
example of a water transfer scheme
Yangtze river moves water to Yellow River Basin due to its arid climate
3 canal system
how does desalination work
removes salt from seawater
very expensive
used only where there are serious water shortages and no alternatives
UAE uses it
what was the aim of the LHWP
to move water form Lesotho to the arid surrounding SA
what was built for the LHWP
dams, reservoirs and pipelines
roads and bridges
advantages of the LHWP for Lesotho
75% of their GDP
gives Lesotho all their energy
sanitation increases
advantages of the LHWP for South Africa
provides water to an area of drought
fresh water reduces Vaal Reservoir acidity
gives SA safe water to an extra 10% of people
disadvantages of the LHWP for Lesotho
30k people displaced
destruction of a wetland ecosystem
corruption has prevented compensation to locals
disadvantages of the LHWP for South Africa
cost around $4 billion
40% of water is lost through leakages
corruption has plagued the project
what does sustainable water supply focus on
management of water
reducing waste and excessive demand
how is groundwater stored
in aquifers where supply and demand must be balanced
what can happen is groundwater levels fall
water can become contaminated os water treatment gets expensive
what is the PGM
Participatory Groundwater Management (India)
what does the PGM involve
training locals to monitor rainfall and groundwater levels
helping farmers to plan irrigation usage
encouraging farmers to plant crops when water is available
how much water used for irrigation is grey water in Jordan
70%
what is grey water
water taken from bathrooms and washing machines
what can grey water contain
plant fertilisers
how can water be recycled
some nuclear power plants use waste water for cooling
how can we conserve water usage
reduce leakages
water meters
prevent pollution
turn off tap when not in use
what is the Wakel river basin project
NW India S of Rajasthan
poorest and driest part of India
what were the problems with water supply at the Wakel River Basin
poor water management
over-use of irrigation
over-abstraction
wells have dried up
what are Taankas
underground water storage which collect surface water from rooves
what is a Johed
small earth dam to capture rainwater
what are Pats
irrigation channels that transfer water to fields
how does the pat system work
small dam called a Bund diverts water from a stream to a field
villagers maintain this
