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My Geography > Paper 2 Section C > Flashcards

Paper 2 Section C Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a resource

A

a stock o supply of something that has value or purpose

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2
Q

why is food important as a resource

A

bad diet leads to illness
well fed = more productive

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3
Q

why can food overabundance lead to problems

A

UPF leads to obesity

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4
Q

what are problems with global food inequality

A

malnutrition

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5
Q

why is a good water resource important

A

drinking
crops
energy

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6
Q

what are global water inequalities

A

is expensive to get, transfer and store
climate affects abundance

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7
Q

why is energy security important

A

needed for light, power and heat
powers industry
fuels transportation

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8
Q

problems of energy insecurity

A

rich countries use more
middle east is a major supplier yet uses little
demand increases with NEE industrialisation

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9
Q

how much of the UK’s food is imported

A

40%

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10
Q

why does the UK import so much food

A

cheaper
foods that don’t grow in the UK
out of season food

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11
Q

what are the problems with importing food

A

food miles => carbon footprint

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12
Q

how is the UK responding to over-importing food

A

people are being encouraged to eat local, seasonal produce

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13
Q

what amount of the UK’s water is used domestically

A

1/2

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14
Q

why is the water demand increasing

A

rapid population increase

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15
Q

what is water surplus

A

water supply exceeds demand

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16
Q

what is water deficit

A

water demand exceeds supply

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17
Q

how much of the UK experiences water stress

A

> 1/2

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18
Q

how is water quality managed

A

water is filtered to remove sediment
strict regulation
microorganisms killed with chlorine

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19
Q

how can water be polluted

A

industrial waste
field fertilisers
leaching from mines

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20
Q

why do people have problems with water transfer

A

effect on land and wildlife
expensive
greenhouse gases released to pump it

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21
Q

UK energy mix in 1990

A

3/4 was fossil fuels

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22
Q

UK energy mix in 2007

A

more gas and nuclear

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23
Q

UK energy mix in 2014

A

significantly more renewables such as wind and solar

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24
Q

why has the UK’s energy use fllen in recent years

A

decline of heavy industry
energy conservation

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25
Q

how much of the UK’s oil and gas have been used up

A

75%

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26
Q

why will fossil fuels continue to be used for decades

A

remaining resources
coal is cheap
shale gase may be found and used

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27
Q

economic impacts of nuclear

A

expensive
decomissioning is expensive
new plants create jobs

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28
Q

environmental impacts of nuclear

A

hard to dispose of waste safely
waste warm water can harm ecosystems

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29
Q

economic impacts of wind farms

A

high construction costs
local homes have lower energy costs

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30
Q

environmental impacts of wind farms

A

eyesore
reduce carbon footprint
noise pollution

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31
Q

what causes water deficit

A

low rainfall
high population
heavy industry

32
Q

what is water security

A

enough clean water to have a good QoL

33
Q

what is water insecurity

A

not enough water for a region to have a good QoL

34
Q

how little water does there need to be for there to be water stress

A

1700m³

35
Q

what are examples of regions with water stress

A

Caribbean islands
middle east

36
Q

why is water consumption increasing

A

increasing population
economic development
lifestyle changes
water is used for energy

37
Q

what factors affect water availability

A

geology
climate
over-abstraction
pollution
poverty
limited infrastructure

38
Q

how does water availability change with climate

A

high rainfall leads to surplus

39
Q

how does water availability change with geology

A

permeability of rocks affects groundwater supplies

40
Q

how does water availability change with over-abstraction

A

pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replaced can lead to the water table lowering and wells to dry up

41
Q

how does water availability change with pollution

A

waste means water is impotable

42
Q

how does water availability change with limited infrastructure

A

poor countries cant afford to pump water around

43
Q

how does water availability change with poverty

A

shared or no mains water

44
Q

what does contaminated water cause

A

cholera

45
Q

how many litres of sewage enter the Ganges each day

A

1 billion L

46
Q

how much of the worlds water is used by agriculture

A

70%

47
Q

how much of Egypt’s food is imported

A

60%

48
Q

how much is chinas industrial output lowered by water shortages

A

$40 billion

49
Q

what is an example of water conflict

A

turkey built a dam causing anger downstream in Syria

50
Q

how can water be diverted to increase storage

A

heavy infrequent rainfall means water is diverted to alluvial soil underground so it is stored

51
Q

what are advantages of dams

A

control river flow
water can be used for irrigation
often prevent flooding

52
Q

what are disadvantages of dams

A

displace people
expensive
reduce downstream water flow

53
Q

example of a water transfer scheme

A

Yangtze river moves water to Yellow River Basin due to its arid climate
3 canal system

54
Q

how does desalination work

A

removes salt from seawater
very expensive
used only where there are serious water shortages and no alternatives
UAE uses it

55
Q

what was the aim of the LHWP

A

to move water form Lesotho to the arid surrounding SA

56
Q

what was built for the LHWP

A

dams, reservoirs and pipelines
roads and bridges

57
Q

advantages of the LHWP for Lesotho

A

75% of their GDP
gives Lesotho all their energy
sanitation increases

58
Q

advantages of the LHWP for South Africa

A

provides water to an area of drought
fresh water reduces Vaal Reservoir acidity
gives SA safe water to an extra 10% of people

59
Q

disadvantages of the LHWP for Lesotho

A

30k people displaced
destruction of a wetland ecosystem
corruption has prevented compensation to locals

60
Q

disadvantages of the LHWP for South Africa

A

cost around $4 billion
40% of water is lost through leakages
corruption has plagued the project

61
Q

what does sustainable water supply focus on

A

management of water
reducing waste and excessive demand

62
Q

how is groundwater stored

A

in aquifers where supply and demand must be balanced

63
Q

what can happen is groundwater levels fall

A

water can become contaminated os water treatment gets expensive

64
Q

what is the PGM

A

Participatory Groundwater Management (India)

65
Q

what does the PGM involve

A

training locals to monitor rainfall and groundwater levels
helping farmers to plan irrigation usage
encouraging farmers to plant crops when water is available

66
Q

how much water used for irrigation is grey water in Jordan

A

70%

67
Q

what is grey water

A

water taken from bathrooms and washing machines

68
Q

what can grey water contain

A

plant fertilisers

69
Q

how can water be recycled

A

some nuclear power plants use waste water for cooling

70
Q

how can we conserve water usage

A

reduce leakages
water meters
prevent pollution
turn off tap when not in use

71
Q

what is the Wakel river basin project

A

NW India S of Rajasthan
poorest and driest part of India

72
Q

what were the problems with water supply at the Wakel River Basin

A

poor water management
over-use of irrigation
over-abstraction
wells have dried up

73
Q

what are Taankas

A

underground water storage which collect surface water from rooves

74
Q

what is a Johed

A

small earth dam to capture rainwater

75
Q

what are Pats

A

irrigation channels that transfer water to fields

76
Q

how does the pat system work

A

small dam called a Bund diverts water from a stream to a field
villagers maintain this

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