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My Geography > Paper 2 Section B > Flashcards

Paper 2 Section B Flashcards

1
Q

what is development

A

positive change that makes quality of life better

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2
Q

what is the development gap

A

difference in standard of living between HICs and LICs

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3
Q

what is GNI

A

economic measure of development

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4
Q

what is HDI

A

social measure of development

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5
Q

what are the 3 aspects of HDI

A

life expectancy at birth
years in education
GNI per capita

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6
Q

what does high birth rate show

A

that on average, women have children earlier so it shows less development

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7
Q

what does high death rate show

A

older populations result in a higher death rate so more development

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8
Q

what does high infant mortality rate show

A

bad healthcare so low development

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9
Q

what does high literacy rate show

A

a country has good education so is more developed

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10
Q

what are problems with economic and social measure for development

A

data could be out of date
data may not take into account subsidy or informal economy

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11
Q

what does stage 1 of the DTM show

A

traditional tribe dweller
high fluctuating

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12
Q

what does stage 2 of the DTM show

A

an LIC such as Afghanistan
early expanding

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13
Q

what does stage 3 of the DTM show

A

an NEE such as Nigeria
late expanding

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14
Q

what does stage 4 of the DTM show

A

an HIC such as the USA
low fluctuating

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15
Q

what does stage 5 of the DTM show

A

a very well developed HIC such as Japan
natural decrease

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16
Q

what are physical causes of uneven development

A

landlocked countries cannot trade easily
climate related diseases affect ability to work
extreme weather
bad natural resources

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17
Q

what are economic causes of uneven development

A

large TNCs want to pay as little as they can so they exploit LICs
processing of materials takes place in HICs often
LICs primarily work in the primary sector where the least profit is made

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18
Q

what are historical causes of uneven development

A

colonialism created Europe’s wealth
independence of ex-colonies has resulted in civil wars and hindered development

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19
Q

what is Africa’s global wealth

A

~1%

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19
Q

where is the largest store of wealth

A

NA holds 35% of all wealth

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20
Q

what are the main causes of death in LICs

A

infectious diseases

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21
Q

how many deaths are over 70 in HICs

A

70%

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22
Q

what is infant mortality like in HICs

A

1/100 people die under 15yo

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23
Q

what is infant mortality like in LICs

A

40% of deaths are under 15

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24
Q

what is an immigrant

A

someone who moves into a country

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25
Q

what is an emigrant

A

someone who moves out a country

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26
Q

what is a refugee

A

someone who was forced to move out of their country due to war or natural disaster

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27
Q

what is a displaced person

A

someone forced to move from their home but they stay in their country of origin

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28
Q

what caused the 2015 middle east crisis

A

civil war in Syria so people fled the country

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29
Q

how many migrants have moved to the UK since 2005

A

1.5 million
mostly Polish

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30
Q

positives of migrants

A

contribute to economy and are taxed

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31
Q

negatives of migrants

A

pressure on NHS and services

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32
Q

strategies to reduce the development gap

A

Investment
Industrial development
Tourism
Aid
Intermediate technology

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33
Q

how can investment reduce the development gap

A

FDI can be used to create jobs
eg. China in Sudan

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34
Q

how can industrial development reduce the development gap

A

creates infrastructure
leads to multiplier effect as it improves QoL

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35
Q

how can tourism reduce the development gap

A

investment from abroad
creates jobs which leads to multiplier effect

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36
Q

how can aid reduce the development gap

A

enables countries to develop infrastructure
needs to be long term to be truly succesful

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37
Q

how much aid did Pakistan receive from the UK in 2013

A

£338 million

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38
Q

how can intermediate technology reduce the development gap

A

sustainable small scale projects
built and operated by locals

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39
Q

example of intermediate technology

A

Ethiopia dam
created reservoir for crop irrigation

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40
Q

what is free trade

A

no tariffs for trade
only limited, not taxed

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41
Q

what is fair trade

A

farmer gets a fair price for their crop
can be more expensive
environmentally friendly

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42
Q

what is debt relief

A

removing debt so a country can spend its profit on development instead of the debt

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43
Q

what is a microfinance loan

A

small loans so people can start a small business

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44
Q

example of a microfinance loan

A

$200 given to women in Bangladesh to buy a phone and rent it for others to use

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45
Q

how much of the GDP in Jamaica is from tourism

A

24%

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46
Q

how much money is income from tourism that can be reinvested so the country can develop in Jamaica

A

$2 billion

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47
Q

how has tourism benefitted the infrastructure in Jamaica

A

more investment so it is better
some parts of the island remain isolated

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48
Q

how has tourism increased the QoL in Jamaica

A

areas around tourists are high standard of living
areas away from tourism are poor

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49
Q

how has tourism in Jamaica impacted the environment

A

conservation opportunities
ecotourism
erosion and pollution from the tourists

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50
Q

how many jobs has tourism created in Jamaica

A

200k

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51
Q

what is the population of Nigeria

A

220 million

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52
Q

how is Nigeria globally important (stats)

A

5th largest greenhouse gas emitter
BUT
2.7% of worlds oil

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53
Q

Nigeria’s importance in Africa

A

highest GDP
largest population
huge potential

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54
Q

Nigeria political context

A

ruled by UK until 1960
corruption is widespread
lots of FDI

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55
Q

Nigeria social context

A

multi ethnic - multi faith
Islamic north - Christian South
caused instability

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56
Q

Nigeria cultural context

A

Nollywood is the 2nd largest film industry

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57
Q

Nigeria environmental context

A

semi desert in the North
hot and wet in the south
increasingly dry as you go north

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58
Q

what political links does Nigeria have

A

OPEC - oil
ECOWAS - West Africa Economics
CEN-CAD - trading in Africa

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59
Q

what are Nigeria’s important imports

A

refined petroleum
cars
smartphones

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60
Q

what are Nigeria’s important exports

A

crude oil
rubber
cocoa
cotton

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61
Q

who is the main import in Nigeria

A

China

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62
Q

who is the main export in Nigeria

A

EU

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63
Q

what is the main export in Nigeria

A

Oil

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64
Q

who is Nigeria’s largest export for oil

A

India

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65
Q

how much of Nigeria’s export income is from oil

A

95%

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66
Q

how balanced is Nigeria’s economy

A

Yes, employment in each sector is equal

67
Q

how is manufacturing affecting economic development in iIgeria

A

secure income
stimulates growth in other companies
attracts Foreign Investment

68
Q

Advantages of TNCs in Nigeria

A

create jobs
improve local infrastructure leading to QoL improvement
valuable exports are earned

69
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria

A

local workers are often poorly paid
often bad working conditions
good jobs go to foreign employees
lots of profit goes abroad

70
Q

how many people does Unilever employ

A

1500

71
Q

what does Unilever do in Nigeria

A

promotes healthcare and education and water supply improvements

72
Q

how much employment has shell created for Nigerians

A

65k

73
Q

what does shell contribute to in Nigeria

A

taxes so the government can spend more on development

74
Q

how many jobs has shell created indirectly in Nigeria

A

250k

75
Q

what % of all shell contracts are in Nigeria

A

91%

76
Q

what are the negatives of shell in Nigeria

A

oil spills
oil flares
oil theft and sabotage

77
Q

what are the consequences of oil pollution in Nigeria

A

damaging soil, agriculture, fishing industry
costs TNCs and the Government billions every year

78
Q

what is bilateral aid

A

aid from one country to another

79
Q

what is multilateral aid

A

richer governments donate money to the world bank who then redistributes the money to countries in need

80
Q

what is tied aid

A

T&Cs apply

81
Q

what is voluntary aid

A

from NGOs such as Oxfam

82
Q

what is short term aid

A

emergency responses

83
Q

what is long term aid

A

sustainable aid to improve resilience so a country can cope with future disasters

84
Q

what are the 2 main types of aid

A

Emergency
Developmental

85
Q

how much did the world bank approve to be given to Nigeria in 2014

A

$500 millioni

86
Q

what does Nets for Life do? (Nigeria)

A

educates people on how to prevent malaria and distributes mosquito nets

87
Q

what does the aid in Nigeria from the US do

A

helps protect people from HIV

88
Q

what stops aid being used effectively in Nigeria

A

corruption
dependency on aid

89
Q

how does industrial growth affect the environment in Nigeria

A

poisonous gases are released threat cause respiratory problems

90
Q

how much of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed by agriculture and urban sprawl and industry

A

75%

91
Q

how does urban growth lead to environmental damage in Nigeria

A

waste disposal
traffic congestion leads to fumes
habitat destruction

92
Q

how does commercial farming affect the environment in Nigeria

A

species have disappeared such as giraffes
water pollution from pesticides

93
Q

how has mining lead to environmental damage in Nigeria

A

tin mining leads to soil erosion
oil spills cause fires releasing CO2 and creating acid rain

94
Q

how many gallons of oil were spilled in the Bodo Oil Spill

A

11 million gallons

95
Q

how large was the area of the Bodo Oil Spill

A

20km squared

96
Q

where was the Bodo Oil Spill

A

Niger Delta

97
Q

how much compensation did shell pay for the Bodo Oil Spill

A

£55 million

98
Q

what has caused QoL to improve in Nigeria

A

more disposable income
better infrastructure
better water access
better diet
better electricity
healthcare

99
Q

how much has Nigeria’s HDI increased over 4 years

A

0.04

100
Q

what are the persistent problems in Nigeria

A

many people are poor
Gini coefficient has increased
over dependence on oil could be a problem

101
Q

how many Nigerians still live in poverty

A

60%

102
Q

how does Nigeria need to improve politically

A

ensure the government is stable so investment still happens

103
Q

how does Nigeria need to improve environmentally

A

disease and illness threats from the Tsetse fly and oil spills still is present

104
Q

how does Nigeria need to improve socially

A

kidnapping from Boko Haram in the north
distrust between tribal groups

105
Q

how has the UKs economy changed

A

we have moved from primary sector in 1800s
to industrial in 1900s
to tertiary in 2000s

106
Q

when did de-industrialisation occur

A

1980s

107
Q

what caused deindustrialisation in the UK

A

machines cheaper than people
made in china

108
Q

what is globalisation

A

thoughts and ideas spreading across the whole world
helped by the internet

109
Q

how many people work in the IT sector in the UK

A

1.3 Million

110
Q

how much does the service sector (3+4) contribute to the UK’s GDP

A

79%

111
Q

what % of the UK’s GDP is from finance

A

10%

112
Q

how many people are employed in the research sector

A

60k

113
Q

how much does the research sector contribute to the GDP

A

£3 billion

114
Q

what is a science park

A

scientific and technology based businesses on a single site, often associated with a Uni to share facilities

115
Q

benefits of Southampton science park

A

transport links such as M3, airport and rail
links with Unis
attractive location with green areas

116
Q

what is a business park

A

area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

117
Q

where are business parks typically located

A

edge of town

118
Q

benefits about building business parks on the edge of towns

A

cheap land
less congestion
businesses can work together

119
Q

what is an example of a business aprk

A

Cobalt Business Park
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne

120
Q

what features does the Cobalt Business Park havew

A

fitness centre
retail outlets

121
Q

what transport links does Cobalt Business Park have close to it

A

A1, A19, international airport

122
Q

what are the impacts of industry on the environment (UK)

A

eyesore
waste causes pollution
transport of raw and processed materials released CO2

123
Q

impacts of quarrying (UK)

A

destroys habitat
pollutes water courses
scars landscapes

124
Q

how can industry become more sustainable (UK)

A

take care in design
use technology to reduce emissions
desulphurisation reduces acid rain
heavy fines imposed when pollution occurs

125
Q

how can quarrying become more sustainable (UK)

A

controlling blasting
recycling is encouraged
companies expected to restore a quarry once it is used

126
Q

example of a quarry in the UK

A

Torr Quarry

127
Q

how many people does Torr Quarry employ

A

100

128
Q

how much does Torr Quarry make for the local economy a year

A

£15 million

129
Q

what is done to make Torr Quarry environmentally sustainable

A

being restored
200 acres already landscaped
regular monitoring of noise, dust, vibration and water quality

130
Q

what is happening to the population in South Cambridgeshire

A

migration from Cambridge, the UK and even Europe

131
Q

what is the population of South Cambridgeshire

A

150k

132
Q

what demographic in South Cambridgeshire is increasing

A

old people over 65

133
Q

what are the social effects in South Cambridgeshire from the increasing population

A

80% car ownership leads to congestion
housing developments reduce community spirits
young people cannot afford the housing

134
Q

what are the economic effects in South Cambridgeshire from the increasing population

A

lack of affordable housing
less agricultural employment due to development
high petrol prices due to demand
pressure on servies

135
Q

what are the social effects in the Outer Hebrides from the increasing population

A

less children result in schools closing
ageing population leads to less support of the older population

136
Q

what are the economic effects in the Outer Hebrides from the increasing population

A

services are closing
small farms only provide 2 days a week jobs
tourism has increased but infrastructure cannot support the scale of tourism needed to provide enough

137
Q

why are people leaving the Outer Hebrides

A

limited employment
social desert

138
Q

what is the 2014 road investment stratety

A

100 new roads
1300 new lane miles
extra lanes
smart motorways

139
Q

how much did the SW super highway cost

A

£2 billion

140
Q

what did the SW super highway do

A

created wider roads down to Exeter

141
Q

what are the rail infrastructure improvements

A

HS2 from London to Manchester - controversial and expensive
electrification of the trans-Pennine railway speeding it up by 15 mins

142
Q

what will London’s Crossrail do

A

1.5 million people within a 45 min journey

143
Q

how many passengers travel through UK ports each year

A

32 million

144
Q

how many people are employed in UK ports

A

120k

145
Q

how many containers will Liverpool2 hold

A

1.5 million (x2 of old capacity)

146
Q

what are the benefits of Liverpool 2

A

creates 1000s of jobs
boost economy
reduce road freight

147
Q

why are airports important

A

global links
1000s of jobs
boost economy

148
Q

how much would Heathrow’s 3rd runway cost

A

18.6 billion

149
Q

positives of the Heathrow 3rd runway

A

more jobs and money

150
Q

negatives of the Heathrow 3rd runway

A

expensive
noise and air pollution for locals

151
Q

what is the N/S divide

A

abstract line of social and economic difference between the South of England and the rest of the UK

152
Q

why is there a N/S divide

A

deindustrialisation in the N
rapid tertiary and quaternary sector jobs in the S

153
Q

how do LEPs reduce the N/S divide

A

voluntary partnership between businesses and local authorities
encourages companies to invest to boost the local economy

154
Q

how do Enterprise Zones reduce the N/S divide

A

encourages new businesses due to…
less tax
superfast broadband
simple planning
business rate discount

155
Q

how many jobs will the Lancashire LEP create

A

50k

156
Q

how much is invested into transport in the Lancashire LEP

A

£20 million

157
Q

what is an LEP

A

Local Enterprise Zone

158
Q

who are the UK’s main trading partners

A

US
China
EU

159
Q

what are the main UK transport links

A

Heathrow - one of the busiest airports in the world
UK to Europe links such as Channel Tunnel and Fries

160
Q

how much UK internet traffic passes along undersea cables

A

99%

161
Q

what is the project to connect London and Tokyo’s internet

A

Arctic Fibre

162
Q

what is one of the UK’s most successful media exports

A

TV such as Dr Who

163
Q

how much did Dr Who bring in in one year

A

1.28 billion

164
Q

what % of immigration is from the EU to the UK

A

40%

165
Q

what is the commonwealth

A

group of ex colonies of the BE
UK supports member states with advice and development

My Geography (6 decks)

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