Paper 2 Section B Flashcards
what is development
positive change that makes quality of life better
what is the development gap
difference in standard of living between HICs and LICs
what is GNI
economic measure of development
what is HDI
social measure of development
what are the 3 aspects of HDI
life expectancy at birth
years in education
GNI per capita
what does high birth rate show
that on average, women have children earlier so it shows less development
what does high death rate show
older populations result in a higher death rate so more development
what does high infant mortality rate show
bad healthcare so low development
what does high literacy rate show
a country has good education so is more developed
what are problems with economic and social measure for development
data could be out of date
data may not take into account subsidy or informal economy
what does stage 1 of the DTM show
traditional tribe dweller
high fluctuating
what does stage 2 of the DTM show
an LIC such as Afghanistan
early expanding
what does stage 3 of the DTM show
an NEE such as Nigeria
late expanding
what does stage 4 of the DTM show
an HIC such as the USA
low fluctuating
what does stage 5 of the DTM show
a very well developed HIC such as Japan
natural decrease
what are physical causes of uneven development
landlocked countries cannot trade easily
climate related diseases affect ability to work
extreme weather
bad natural resources
what are economic causes of uneven development
large TNCs want to pay as little as they can so they exploit LICs
processing of materials takes place in HICs often
LICs primarily work in the primary sector where the least profit is made
what are historical causes of uneven development
colonialism created Europe’s wealth
independence of ex-colonies has resulted in civil wars and hindered development
what is Africa’s global wealth
~1%
where is the largest store of wealth
NA holds 35% of all wealth
what are the main causes of death in LICs
infectious diseases
how many deaths are over 70 in HICs
70%
what is infant mortality like in HICs
1/100 people die under 15yo
what is infant mortality like in LICs
40% of deaths are under 15
what is an immigrant
someone who moves into a country
what is an emigrant
someone who moves out a country
what is a refugee
someone who was forced to move out of their country due to war or natural disaster
what is a displaced person
someone forced to move from their home but they stay in their country of origin
what caused the 2015 middle east crisis
civil war in Syria so people fled the country
how many migrants have moved to the UK since 2005
1.5 million
mostly Polish
positives of migrants
contribute to economy and are taxed
negatives of migrants
pressure on NHS and services
strategies to reduce the development gap
Investment
Industrial development
Tourism
Aid
Intermediate technology
how can investment reduce the development gap
FDI can be used to create jobs
eg. China in Sudan
how can industrial development reduce the development gap
creates infrastructure
leads to multiplier effect as it improves QoL
how can tourism reduce the development gap
investment from abroad
creates jobs which leads to multiplier effect
how can aid reduce the development gap
enables countries to develop infrastructure
needs to be long term to be truly succesful
how much aid did Pakistan receive from the UK in 2013
£338 million
how can intermediate technology reduce the development gap
sustainable small scale projects
built and operated by locals
example of intermediate technology
Ethiopia dam
created reservoir for crop irrigation
what is free trade
no tariffs for trade
only limited, not taxed
what is fair trade
farmer gets a fair price for their crop
can be more expensive
environmentally friendly
what is debt relief
removing debt so a country can spend its profit on development instead of the debt
what is a microfinance loan
small loans so people can start a small business
example of a microfinance loan
$200 given to women in Bangladesh to buy a phone and rent it for others to use
how much of the GDP in Jamaica is from tourism
24%
how much money is income from tourism that can be reinvested so the country can develop in Jamaica
$2 billion
how has tourism benefitted the infrastructure in Jamaica
more investment so it is better
some parts of the island remain isolated
how has tourism increased the QoL in Jamaica
areas around tourists are high standard of living
areas away from tourism are poor
how has tourism in Jamaica impacted the environment
conservation opportunities
ecotourism
erosion and pollution from the tourists
how many jobs has tourism created in Jamaica
200k
what is the population of Nigeria
220 million
how is Nigeria globally important (stats)
5th largest greenhouse gas emitter
BUT
2.7% of worlds oil
Nigeria’s importance in Africa
highest GDP
largest population
huge potential
Nigeria political context
ruled by UK until 1960
corruption is widespread
lots of FDI
Nigeria social context
multi ethnic - multi faith
Islamic north - Christian South
caused instability
Nigeria cultural context
Nollywood is the 2nd largest film industry
Nigeria environmental context
semi desert in the North
hot and wet in the south
increasingly dry as you go north
what political links does Nigeria have
OPEC - oil
ECOWAS - West Africa Economics
CEN-CAD - trading in Africa
what are Nigeria’s important imports
refined petroleum
cars
smartphones
what are Nigeria’s important exports
crude oil
rubber
cocoa
cotton
who is the main import in Nigeria
China
who is the main export in Nigeria
EU
what is the main export in Nigeria
Oil
who is Nigeria’s largest export for oil
India
how much of Nigeria’s export income is from oil
95%
how balanced is Nigeria’s economy
Yes, employment in each sector is equal
how is manufacturing affecting economic development in iIgeria
secure income
stimulates growth in other companies
attracts Foreign Investment
Advantages of TNCs in Nigeria
create jobs
improve local infrastructure leading to QoL improvement
valuable exports are earned
Disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria
local workers are often poorly paid
often bad working conditions
good jobs go to foreign employees
lots of profit goes abroad
how many people does Unilever employ
1500
what does Unilever do in Nigeria
promotes healthcare and education and water supply improvements
how much employment has shell created for Nigerians
65k
what does shell contribute to in Nigeria
taxes so the government can spend more on development
how many jobs has shell created indirectly in Nigeria
250k
what % of all shell contracts are in Nigeria
91%
what are the negatives of shell in Nigeria
oil spills
oil flares
oil theft and sabotage
what are the consequences of oil pollution in Nigeria
damaging soil, agriculture, fishing industry
costs TNCs and the Government billions every year
what is bilateral aid
aid from one country to another
what is multilateral aid
richer governments donate money to the world bank who then redistributes the money to countries in need
what is tied aid
T&Cs apply
what is voluntary aid
from NGOs such as Oxfam
what is short term aid
emergency responses
what is long term aid
sustainable aid to improve resilience so a country can cope with future disasters
what are the 2 main types of aid
Emergency
Developmental
how much did the world bank approve to be given to Nigeria in 2014
$500 millioni
what does Nets for Life do? (Nigeria)
educates people on how to prevent malaria and distributes mosquito nets
what does the aid in Nigeria from the US do
helps protect people from HIV
what stops aid being used effectively in Nigeria
corruption
dependency on aid
how does industrial growth affect the environment in Nigeria
poisonous gases are released threat cause respiratory problems
how much of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed by agriculture and urban sprawl and industry
75%
how does urban growth lead to environmental damage in Nigeria
waste disposal
traffic congestion leads to fumes
habitat destruction
how does commercial farming affect the environment in Nigeria
species have disappeared such as giraffes
water pollution from pesticides
how has mining lead to environmental damage in Nigeria
tin mining leads to soil erosion
oil spills cause fires releasing CO2 and creating acid rain
how many gallons of oil were spilled in the Bodo Oil Spill
11 million gallons
how large was the area of the Bodo Oil Spill
20km squared
where was the Bodo Oil Spill
Niger Delta
how much compensation did shell pay for the Bodo Oil Spill
£55 million
what has caused QoL to improve in Nigeria
more disposable income
better infrastructure
better water access
better diet
better electricity
healthcare
how much has Nigeria’s HDI increased over 4 years
0.04
what are the persistent problems in Nigeria
many people are poor
Gini coefficient has increased
over dependence on oil could be a problem
how many Nigerians still live in poverty
60%
how does Nigeria need to improve politically
ensure the government is stable so investment still happens
how does Nigeria need to improve environmentally
disease and illness threats from the Tsetse fly and oil spills still is present
how does Nigeria need to improve socially
kidnapping from Boko Haram in the north
distrust between tribal groups
how has the UKs economy changed
we have moved from primary sector in 1800s
to industrial in 1900s
to tertiary in 2000s
when did de-industrialisation occur
1980s
what caused deindustrialisation in the UK
machines cheaper than people
made in china
what is globalisation
thoughts and ideas spreading across the whole world
helped by the internet
how many people work in the IT sector in the UK
1.3 Million
how much does the service sector (3+4) contribute to the UK’s GDP
79%
what % of the UK’s GDP is from finance
10%
how many people are employed in the research sector
60k
how much does the research sector contribute to the GDP
£3 billion
what is a science park
scientific and technology based businesses on a single site, often associated with a Uni to share facilities
benefits of Southampton science park
transport links such as M3, airport and rail
links with Unis
attractive location with green areas
what is a business park
area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
where are business parks typically located
edge of town
benefits about building business parks on the edge of towns
cheap land
less congestion
businesses can work together
what is an example of a business aprk
Cobalt Business Park
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
what features does the Cobalt Business Park havew
fitness centre
retail outlets
what transport links does Cobalt Business Park have close to it
A1, A19, international airport
what are the impacts of industry on the environment (UK)
eyesore
waste causes pollution
transport of raw and processed materials released CO2
impacts of quarrying (UK)
destroys habitat
pollutes water courses
scars landscapes
how can industry become more sustainable (UK)
take care in design
use technology to reduce emissions
desulphurisation reduces acid rain
heavy fines imposed when pollution occurs
how can quarrying become more sustainable (UK)
controlling blasting
recycling is encouraged
companies expected to restore a quarry once it is used
example of a quarry in the UK
Torr Quarry
how many people does Torr Quarry employ
100
how much does Torr Quarry make for the local economy a year
£15 million
what is done to make Torr Quarry environmentally sustainable
being restored
200 acres already landscaped
regular monitoring of noise, dust, vibration and water quality
what is happening to the population in South Cambridgeshire
migration from Cambridge, the UK and even Europe
what is the population of South Cambridgeshire
150k
what demographic in South Cambridgeshire is increasing
old people over 65
what are the social effects in South Cambridgeshire from the increasing population
80% car ownership leads to congestion
housing developments reduce community spirits
young people cannot afford the housing
what are the economic effects in South Cambridgeshire from the increasing population
lack of affordable housing
less agricultural employment due to development
high petrol prices due to demand
pressure on servies
what are the social effects in the Outer Hebrides from the increasing population
less children result in schools closing
ageing population leads to less support of the older population
what are the economic effects in the Outer Hebrides from the increasing population
services are closing
small farms only provide 2 days a week jobs
tourism has increased but infrastructure cannot support the scale of tourism needed to provide enough
why are people leaving the Outer Hebrides
limited employment
social desert
what is the 2014 road investment stratety
100 new roads
1300 new lane miles
extra lanes
smart motorways
how much did the SW super highway cost
£2 billion
what did the SW super highway do
created wider roads down to Exeter
what are the rail infrastructure improvements
HS2 from London to Manchester - controversial and expensive
electrification of the trans-Pennine railway speeding it up by 15 mins
what will London’s Crossrail do
1.5 million people within a 45 min journey
how many passengers travel through UK ports each year
32 million
how many people are employed in UK ports
120k
how many containers will Liverpool2 hold
1.5 million (x2 of old capacity)
what are the benefits of Liverpool 2
creates 1000s of jobs
boost economy
reduce road freight
why are airports important
global links
1000s of jobs
boost economy
how much would Heathrow’s 3rd runway cost
18.6 billion
positives of the Heathrow 3rd runway
more jobs and money
negatives of the Heathrow 3rd runway
expensive
noise and air pollution for locals
what is the N/S divide
abstract line of social and economic difference between the South of England and the rest of the UK
why is there a N/S divide
deindustrialisation in the N
rapid tertiary and quaternary sector jobs in the S
how do LEPs reduce the N/S divide
voluntary partnership between businesses and local authorities
encourages companies to invest to boost the local economy
how do Enterprise Zones reduce the N/S divide
encourages new businesses due to…
less tax
superfast broadband
simple planning
business rate discount
how many jobs will the Lancashire LEP create
50k
how much is invested into transport in the Lancashire LEP
£20 million
what is an LEP
Local Enterprise Zone
who are the UK’s main trading partners
US
China
EU
what are the main UK transport links
Heathrow - one of the busiest airports in the world
UK to Europe links such as Channel Tunnel and Fries
how much UK internet traffic passes along undersea cables
99%
what is the project to connect London and Tokyo’s internet
Arctic Fibre
what is one of the UK’s most successful media exports
TV such as Dr Who
how much did Dr Who bring in in one year
1.28 billion
what % of immigration is from the EU to the UK
40%
what is the commonwealth
group of ex colonies of the BE
UK supports member states with advice and development
