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My Geography > Paper 1 Section C > Flashcards

Paper 1 Section C Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the UK’s river systems

A

extensive, sources in mountain ranges and hills

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2
Q

example of a UK river system

A

Cambrian mountains down in the Avon into the channel

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3
Q

what is the location of the UK’s upland regions

A

NW of the Taees-Exe line

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4
Q

what is the location of the UK’s lowland regions

A

SE of the Taees-Exe line

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5
Q

what is a landscape

A

are that is formed by natural and human actions

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6
Q

how do waves form

A

wind blows over sea
friction with the surface of the water causes ripples

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7
Q

how do tsunamis form

A

earthquakes or volcanos shake the seabed

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8
Q

steps of a wave

A
  1. circular orbit in open water
  2. friction with the seabed distorts this motion
  3. crest moves faster, more elliptical
  4. waves breaks
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9
Q

constructive wave characteristics

A

low waves
far apart
gently sloping
swash>backwash
shallow beach

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10
Q

destructive waves

A

high waves
close together
steep wave front
swash<backwash
steep beach

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11
Q

mechanical weathering

A

disintegration of rock
eg. freeze

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12
Q

chemical weathering

A

caused by chemical reactions
eg. carbonation

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13
Q

biological weathering

A

caused by flora and fauna, both mechanical and chemical
eg. rabbit droppings

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14
Q

what are the 4 mass movements

A

rockfall
landslide
mudflow
rotational slip

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15
Q

what is a rockfall

A

rock breaks away due to freeze thaw

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

what is a mudflow

A

saturated soil and weak rock flows downhill

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18
Q

what is a rotational slip

A

slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

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19
Q

corrasion

A

rock fragments are picked up and thrown against a cliff

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20
Q

abrasion

A

sandpaper like effect where pebbles grind over a platform

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21
Q

how is LSD caused

A

when waves hit the beach at an angle

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22
Q

what can influence coastal landform

A

rock type (hardness)
geological structure (concordant vs discordant, what the strata do)

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23
Q

what are the levels of dunes

A

high tide ridge
foredune
yellow dune
grey dune
water table

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24
Q

what are sandy beach caused by

A

constructive waves

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25
Q

what are rocky beach caused by

A

destructive waves

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26
Q

how do embryo dunes form

A

around obstacles

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27
Q

how does a spit form

A

LSD moves sand out across a headland and the prevailing wind means that it curves round, making a saltmarsh

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28
Q

where is Swanage

A

S coast, in Dorset,

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29
Q

what is special about Poole harbour

A

largest natural one in the world

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30
Q

what coastline is in the south

A

concordant

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31
Q

what coastline is in the east

A

discordant

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32
Q

what are some characteristics of Swanage Beach

A

it is a sheltered, sandy beach in Swanage Bay

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33
Q

hard engineering types

A

sea walls
groynes
rock armour
gabions

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34
Q

sea walls info

A

5-10k per M
v effective + create walkway
can look ugly
expensive

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35
Q

groynes info

A

150k for each
creates a wide beach for tourism
interrupt LSD
can be ugly

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36
Q

rock armour info

A

200k per 100m
quite cheap
adds interest to coast
rocks from far away don’t fit in
expensive to transport rock

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37
Q

gabion info

A

50k per 100m
cheap
eventually become vegetated
cages rust
ugly initially

38
Q

soft engineering types

A

beach nourishment
dune regeneration
dune fencing

39
Q

beach nourishment info

A

500k per 100m
blends in
more tourism
expensive
needs maintenace

40
Q

dune regeneration info

A

2k per 100m
very cheap
keeps good habitat
time consuming
easily damaged

41
Q

dune fencing

A

2k per 100m
little natural impact
controlling access protects ecosystems
ugly
maintenance needed

42
Q

what is managed retreat

A

allows sea to flood or erode an are of low value

43
Q

how much did the Medmerry managed retreat cost

A

28 million

44
Q

what did the Medmerry managed retreat do?

A

large natural saltmarsh
protects surrounding area
creates wildlife habitat for tourists

45
Q

what are problems at Lyme Regis

A

unstable cliffs
powerful waves from south
erosion has destroyed properties
often sea walls breached

46
Q

where is Lyme Regis

A

S coast of Dorset
small town

47
Q

cost of Lyme Regis development

A

43 million

48
Q

positives of Lyme Regis development

A

new beaches has increased tourism
new defences withstood winter weather
better protected harbour

49
Q

negatives of Lyme Regis development

A

more traffic and litter from increased tourism
some think they’re ugly
sea wall interferes with natural processes

50
Q

how far did ice get in the last ice age

A

most of the UK was ice, some of it was tundra in the south

51
Q

what are weathering processes (glacial)

A

freeze thaw:
jagged landscape
weakens rocks
creates scree

52
Q

what is glacial movement

A

basal slip
rotational slip
internal deformation

53
Q

what is basal slip

A

meltwater lubricates the glacier in summer

54
Q

what is rotational slip

A

where hollows are carved due to circular motion

55
Q

what is internal deformation

A

weight of ice cause crystals to change shape

56
Q

what are glacial erosional processes

A

abrasion
striations
plucking

57
Q

glacial transportation

A

moraine
bulldozing

58
Q

glacial deposition

A

occurs at snout
till/boulder clay remains after ice melts
outwash - finer material is carreid by meltwater

59
Q

3 steps of a corrie

A

ice accumulates in a hollow
rotational slip occurs with plucking and abrasion
ice melts leaving a tarn and a rock lip with a jagged summit

60
Q

how do arêtes form

A

knife ridge separating 2 corries

61
Q

what is a ribbon lake

A

deep narrow lake formed from severe glacial trough erosion

62
Q

what are truncated spurs

A

glaciers cut straight through interlocking spurs

63
Q

hanging valley formation

A

small tributary valleys formed by abrasion

64
Q

what is moraine

A

weathered and eroded rock that is moved by the glacier like a conveyor belt

65
Q

lateral moraine

A

forms at edges of glaciers
scree from freeze thaw
forms low ridges

66
Q

medial moraine

A

when a tributary meets with the main glacier, 2 lateral moraines together

67
Q

ground moraine

A

material below a glacier
left behind when it melts

68
Q

terminal moraine

A

material piles up at the snout of the glacier
furthest advance of the glacier

69
Q

how do drumlins form

A

egg shaped, hundreds of metres long
moraine builds up after being deposited

70
Q

which direction does a drumlin form in relation to the glacier

A

the gentle slope points downhill

71
Q

what is an erratic

A

a large boulder that doesn’t fit into the geology due to being transported

72
Q

opportunities in glaciated regions

A

farming
forestry
quarrying
tourism

73
Q

farming opportunities in upland glaciated regions

A

thin and acidic soil due to erosion
best suited to grazing

74
Q

forestry opportunities in glaciated regions

A

coniferous trees well adapted to acidic soil
20-30 years to grow to make soft wood for construction or paper

75
Q

farming opportunities in lowland glaciated regions

A

lots of thicker soil in the valley and flat so better for growing crops

76
Q

quarrying opportunities in upland glaciated regions

A

hard resistant rock good for construction and roads

77
Q

quarrying opportunities in lowland glaciated regions

A

sand and gravel from meltwater streams used for concrete

78
Q

what opportunity sit there for quarrying specifically in the Pennine Hills

A

limestone for making cement

79
Q

tourism opportunities in glaciated regions

A

lots of outdoot activites and employment
eg. Aviemore in Scotland

80
Q

what is there to do in Aviemore

A

activity centre for:
skiing
wildlife
walking
climbing
MTB

81
Q

conflict over land use in glaciated regions

A

wind farms in Lake District
150k for 3 wind turbines

82
Q

why is there controversy over the wind turbines

A

ugly
fewer tourists
house prices fall

83
Q

Lake District physical attractions

A

lakes
mountains
adventure activites

84
Q

Lake District cultural attractions

A

landscape inspired poets such as Wordsworth
scenic town such as Ambleside
monuments such as Muncaster Castle

85
Q

Social impact of tourism on the Lake District

A

high house prices
tourism jobs are badly paid and seasonal

86
Q

Economic impact of tourism on the Lake District

A

thousands of jobs
congestion slows businesses

87
Q

Environmental impact of tourism on the Lake District

A

damaged footpaths
car pollution
walkers disturb farmland

88
Q

how any annual visitors in the Lake District

A

15 million

89
Q

how much annual income in the lake district

A

1.4 billion

90
Q

management for congestion in the Lake District

A

dual carriageways for accessibility
traffic calming measures such as speed bumps
park and ride schemes

91
Q

management for footpath erosion in the Lake District

A

Fix the Fells charity

My Geography (6 decks)

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