Paper 1 Section C Flashcards
what are the UK’s river systems
extensive, sources in mountain ranges and hills
example of a UK river system
Cambrian mountains down in the Avon into the channel
what is the location of the UK’s upland regions
NW of the Taees-Exe line
what is the location of the UK’s lowland regions
SE of the Taees-Exe line
what is a landscape
are that is formed by natural and human actions
how do waves form
wind blows over sea
friction with the surface of the water causes ripples
how do tsunamis form
earthquakes or volcanos shake the seabed
steps of a wave
- circular orbit in open water
- friction with the seabed distorts this motion
- crest moves faster, more elliptical
- waves breaks
constructive wave characteristics
low waves
far apart
gently sloping
swash>backwash
shallow beach
destructive waves
high waves
close together
steep wave front
swash<backwash
steep beach
mechanical weathering
disintegration of rock
eg. freeze
chemical weathering
caused by chemical reactions
eg. carbonation
biological weathering
caused by flora and fauna, both mechanical and chemical
eg. rabbit droppings
what are the 4 mass movements
rockfall
landslide
mudflow
rotational slip
what is a rockfall
rock breaks away due to freeze thaw
what is a mudflow
saturated soil and weak rock flows downhill
what is a rotational slip
slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface
corrasion
rock fragments are picked up and thrown against a cliff
abrasion
sandpaper like effect where pebbles grind over a platform
how is LSD caused
when waves hit the beach at an angle
what can influence coastal landform
rock type (hardness)
geological structure (concordant vs discordant, what the strata do)
what are the levels of dunes
high tide ridge
foredune
yellow dune
grey dune
water table
what are sandy beach caused by
constructive waves
what are rocky beach caused by
destructive waves
how do embryo dunes form
around obstacles
how does a spit form
LSD moves sand out across a headland and the prevailing wind means that it curves round, making a saltmarsh
where is Swanage
S coast, in Dorset,
what is special about Poole harbour
largest natural one in the world
what coastline is in the south
concordant
what coastline is in the east
discordant
what are some characteristics of Swanage Beach
it is a sheltered, sandy beach in Swanage Bay
hard engineering types
sea walls
groynes
rock armour
gabions
sea walls info
5-10k per M
v effective + create walkway
can look ugly
expensive
groynes info
150k for each
creates a wide beach for tourism
interrupt LSD
can be ugly
rock armour info
200k per 100m
quite cheap
adds interest to coast
rocks from far away don’t fit in
expensive to transport rock
gabion info
50k per 100m
cheap
eventually become vegetated
cages rust
ugly initially
soft engineering types
beach nourishment
dune regeneration
dune fencing
beach nourishment info
500k per 100m
blends in
more tourism
expensive
needs maintenace
dune regeneration info
2k per 100m
very cheap
keeps good habitat
time consuming
easily damaged
dune fencing
2k per 100m
little natural impact
controlling access protects ecosystems
ugly
maintenance needed
what is managed retreat
allows sea to flood or erode an are of low value
how much did the Medmerry managed retreat cost
28 million
what did the Medmerry managed retreat do?
large natural saltmarsh
protects surrounding area
creates wildlife habitat for tourists
what are problems at Lyme Regis
unstable cliffs
powerful waves from south
erosion has destroyed properties
often sea walls breached
where is Lyme Regis
S coast of Dorset
small town
cost of Lyme Regis development
43 million
positives of Lyme Regis development
new beaches has increased tourism
new defences withstood winter weather
better protected harbour
negatives of Lyme Regis development
more traffic and litter from increased tourism
some think they’re ugly
sea wall interferes with natural processes
how far did ice get in the last ice age
most of the UK was ice, some of it was tundra in the south
what are weathering processes (glacial)
freeze thaw:
jagged landscape
weakens rocks
creates scree
what is glacial movement
basal slip
rotational slip
internal deformation
what is basal slip
meltwater lubricates the glacier in summer
what is rotational slip
where hollows are carved due to circular motion
what is internal deformation
weight of ice cause crystals to change shape
what are glacial erosional processes
abrasion
striations
plucking
glacial transportation
moraine
bulldozing
glacial deposition
occurs at snout
till/boulder clay remains after ice melts
outwash - finer material is carreid by meltwater
3 steps of a corrie
ice accumulates in a hollow
rotational slip occurs with plucking and abrasion
ice melts leaving a tarn and a rock lip with a jagged summit
how do arêtes form
knife ridge separating 2 corries
what is a ribbon lake
deep narrow lake formed from severe glacial trough erosion
what are truncated spurs
glaciers cut straight through interlocking spurs
hanging valley formation
small tributary valleys formed by abrasion
what is moraine
weathered and eroded rock that is moved by the glacier like a conveyor belt
lateral moraine
forms at edges of glaciers
scree from freeze thaw
forms low ridges
medial moraine
when a tributary meets with the main glacier, 2 lateral moraines together
ground moraine
material below a glacier
left behind when it melts
terminal moraine
material piles up at the snout of the glacier
furthest advance of the glacier
how do drumlins form
egg shaped, hundreds of metres long
moraine builds up after being deposited
which direction does a drumlin form in relation to the glacier
the gentle slope points downhill
what is an erratic
a large boulder that doesn’t fit into the geology due to being transported
opportunities in glaciated regions
farming
forestry
quarrying
tourism
farming opportunities in upland glaciated regions
thin and acidic soil due to erosion
best suited to grazing
forestry opportunities in glaciated regions
coniferous trees well adapted to acidic soil
20-30 years to grow to make soft wood for construction or paper
farming opportunities in lowland glaciated regions
lots of thicker soil in the valley and flat so better for growing crops
quarrying opportunities in upland glaciated regions
hard resistant rock good for construction and roads
quarrying opportunities in lowland glaciated regions
sand and gravel from meltwater streams used for concrete
what opportunity sit there for quarrying specifically in the Pennine Hills
limestone for making cement
tourism opportunities in glaciated regions
lots of outdoot activites and employment
eg. Aviemore in Scotland
what is there to do in Aviemore
activity centre for:
skiing
wildlife
walking
climbing
MTB
conflict over land use in glaciated regions
wind farms in Lake District
150k for 3 wind turbines
why is there controversy over the wind turbines
ugly
fewer tourists
house prices fall
Lake District physical attractions
lakes
mountains
adventure activites
Lake District cultural attractions
landscape inspired poets such as Wordsworth
scenic town such as Ambleside
monuments such as Muncaster Castle
Social impact of tourism on the Lake District
high house prices
tourism jobs are badly paid and seasonal
Economic impact of tourism on the Lake District
thousands of jobs
congestion slows businesses
Environmental impact of tourism on the Lake District
damaged footpaths
car pollution
walkers disturb farmland
how any annual visitors in the Lake District
15 million
how much annual income in the lake district
1.4 billion
management for congestion in the Lake District
dual carriageways for accessibility
traffic calming measures such as speed bumps
park and ride schemes
management for footpath erosion in the Lake District
Fix the Fells charity
