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My Geography > Paper 1 Section B > Flashcards

Paper 1 Section B Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the example of human activities affecting an ecosystem

A

Avington park lake, Hampshire

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2
Q

what went wrong at Avington lake

A

it had no maintenance so became silted, the good view was blocked by vegetation, there were birds though

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3
Q

how was Avington lake improved

A

de-silted allowing for waterside habitats and has resulted in a more attractive place

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4
Q

how tall can the top canopy get it TRFs

A

50m

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5
Q

shrub and ground layer TRF

A

0-10m

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6
Q

lower tree canopy height TRF

A

10-20m

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7
Q

middle canopy height TRF

A

20-35m

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8
Q

top canopy height TRF

A

35-50m

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9
Q

threats to Malaysia’s rainforests

A

logging
mineral extraction
commercial farming
subsistence farming

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10
Q

how does logging affect Malaysia

A

1980s it became the no1 exporter of tropical wood
clear felling is bad and led to deforestation but now selective logging is mostly used

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11
Q

how does mineral extraction affect Malaysia

A

trees felled and infrastructure put in which divides up habitats

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12
Q

how does commercial farming affect malaysia

A

10 year tax incentives for plantations means that it is the largest palm oil exporter

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13
Q

how does subsistence farming affect Malaysia

A

traditionally it is sustainable on a very small scale, however slash and burn can result in large accidental deforestation

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14
Q

how much of Malaysia is TRF as a %

A

67%

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15
Q

TRF economic gain

A

job creation
tax revenue
infrastructure improvement
cheap HEP
valuable minerals

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16
Q

TRF economic losses

A

water pollution
fire pollution
temperature increase devastate farming
plants for medicines may become extinct
tourism decrease

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17
Q

impact of deforestation

A

soil erosion
biodiversity loss
reduces photosynthesis so increases climate change

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18
Q

what has Brazil done to reduce deforestation

A

reduced illegal deforestation
leading in the world for conservation
committed to reduce climate change
consumer pressure to reduce cattle ranching

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19
Q

what % of O2 in the world is made in TRFs

A

28%

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20
Q

how much medicine comes from TRFs

A

25%

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21
Q

how much of the worlds species are in TRFs

A

half

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22
Q

what resources in TRFs

A

hardwood
nuts
fruit
rubber

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23
Q

who live in TRFs

A

indigenous tribes

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24
Q

what is the rate of deforestation

A

a football field every 2 seconds

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25
Q

what are the strategies for TRF management

A

selective logging
conservation and education
ecotourism
international agreements

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26
Q

why do TRFs need to be sustainable

A

Indigenous tribes
lasting resource for the future
harness valuable resources without causing permanent damage

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27
Q

how does selective logging help TRF conservation

A

not all trees are cut down, only mature ones so there is no clear felling

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28
Q

how does education help TRF conservation

A

people are more aware of the impacts so they do not destroy trees

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29
Q

how does ecotourism help TRF conservation

A

provides long term income and educates people too

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30
Q

how does international agreements help TRF conservation

A

people agree to not cut down trees
eg debt for nature swaps

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31
Q

what is a cold environment

A

they are below 0°C most of the time

32
Q

what are the 3 types of cold regions

A

polar
tundra
alpine

33
Q

what are the characteristics of a polar region

A

most extreme, ice sheets and always below 0°C

34
Q

what are the characteristics of a tundra

A

less extreme than polar
short summer
permafrost

35
Q

what are the characteristics of an alpine region

A

least extreme
mountainous region
very cold winters

36
Q

what is permafrost

A

permanently frozen layer of soil at the surface

37
Q

climate of polar regions

A

extreme, winters can reach below -50°C

38
Q

soil of polar regions

A

ice covered permafrost

39
Q

plants of polar regions

A

few mosses and lichens on the fringes of ice

40
Q

animals of polar regions

A

polar bears, penguins

41
Q

climate of tundras

A

less extreme, winter down to -20°C, brief warm summer

42
Q

soil of tundra

A

permafrost melts in summer causing waterlogging

43
Q

plants of tundra

A

low growing flowering plants

44
Q

animals of tundra

A

more species than polar
arctic fox and arctic hare
in summer, there are birds

45
Q

adaptations of plants in tundra

A

low so protected from strong wind
thick bark stems to improve stability
small leathery leaves to retain moisture
hairy stems for insulation
bright berries to attract birds to spread seed

46
Q

example of summer bird in tundras

A

ptarmigans

47
Q

where is svalbard

A

near Mid-Atlantic ridge
most northernly inhabited territory
NW of Norway
part of Norway

48
Q

how many islands is Svalbard

A

5

49
Q

how much of Svalbard is covered in glacier

A

60%

50
Q

what is the population of Svalbard

A

2700

51
Q

where do people live in Svalbard

A

Longyearbyen, largest island

52
Q

what are development opportunities in Svalbard

A

mineral extraction
energy developments
fishing
tourism

53
Q

on Svalbard what is involved in mineral extraction

A

coal reserves
main economic activity
environmentally controversial

54
Q

on Svalbard what is involved in energy developments (least important)

A

coal fired power station for all the local needs

55
Q

on Svalbard what is involved in fishing

A

rich with lots of fish
cod, herring and haddock
carefully monitored and controlled to ensure sustainability

56
Q

on Svalbard what is involved in tourism

A

cruises-glaciers, fjords and wildlife (POLAR BEARS)
adventure tourists-hiking, kayaking and snowmobiling

57
Q

how many species of fish in Svalbard

A

150

58
Q

what is a likely future energy development is Svalbard

A

geothermal energy as it is renewable

59
Q

what are development challenges

A

extreme temperatures
construction
services
accessibility

60
Q

In Svalbard, what is the challenge of extreme temperatures

A

temps below -30°C
frostbite risk > many layers of clothing required
outdoor work is very slow

61
Q

In Svalbard, what is the challenge of construction

A

maintenance all happens in the short summer
permafrost is protected so houses don’t fall down
dirt and gravel roads are raised above the ground

62
Q

In Svalbard, what is the challenge of services

A

power and water have to be above ground in utility corridors which are insulated
this allows for east maintenance and doesn’t melt permafrost

63
Q

In Svalbard, what is the challenge of accessibility

A

only reachable by sea or air
no roads outside Longyearbyen
international flights to Russia and Norway
most people use snowmobiles

64
Q

why are cold environments fragile

A

vegetation takes a long time to establish
delicate ecosystem
easy to damage and takes a long time to recover

65
Q

what is an example of tundra damage and how long does it take to recover

A

tire tracks from off-roading
decades to recover

66
Q

what are risks associated with economic development in tundra

A

oil spills
infrastructure such as roads, pipes and drilling equipment

67
Q

what are problems with oil spills in cold environments

A

trees killed
risk of accidental or deliberate fire
lifeless rivers
river edge habitat destroyed

68
Q

why do cold environments need protecting

A

scientific research as they are unspoilt
beautiful so tourism
opportunities for fishing and forestry
large biodiversity
indigenous people who depend on it to survive

69
Q

example of cold environment indigenous people

A

Arctic Inuits

70
Q

how can risks to cold environments be reduced

A

technology
action by government
conservation groups

71
Q

how can technology be used to reduce impacts on cold environments

A

Trans Alaskan pipeline
engineered to slide during earthquakes
Prudhoe bay to Valdez

72
Q

how can action by government be used to reduce impacts on cold environments

A

laws are put in place to protect wildlife

73
Q

how can action by conservation groups be used to reduce impacts on cold environments

A

WWF works with oil companies, Inuit organisations and local communities and governments for a sustainable future

74
Q

how long is the Trans Alaskan Pipeline

A

1300km

75
Q

what does the Trans Alaskan Pipeline cross

A

800 rivers
2 mountain ranges

76
Q

what are some adaptations of the Trans Alaskan Pipeline

A

insulated to not melt permafrost
raised to allow caribou to migrate
shuts off automatically if leak is found

77
Q

what was done in the Antarctic treaty

A

prevents economic development
promotes scientific research
controls tourism disturbance to a minimum

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