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My Geography > Paper 1 Section A > Flashcards

Paper 1 Section A Flashcards

1
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

severe sudden event that damages an area SEE

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2
Q

what is a hazard risk

A

how likely a natural hazard is likely to occur

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3
Q

what affects hazard risk

A

Urbanisation
poverty
farming
climate change

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4
Q

what happens at constructive margins

A

shield volcanos
fluid magma
mild earthquakes
eg. Iceland between NA and EA plate

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5
Q

what happens at destructive margins

A

composite volcanos
sticky magma
severe earthquake
eg. Nazca subducting under SA plate

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6
Q

what happens at a conservative margin

A

large earthquakes as friction builds up

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7
Q

Nepal Earthquake deaths

A

9k

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8
Q

Chile Earthquake deaths

A

500

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9
Q

Chile costs

A

$30 billion

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10
Q

Nepal costs

A

$5 billion

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11
Q

Nepal Focus v. shallow

A

15km

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12
Q

Chile focus shallow

A

35km

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13
Q

Nepal affected people

A

8 million affected

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14
Q

Chile affected people

A

800k affected

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15
Q

Chile short term responses

A

most water and power in 10 days
30k emergency shelters

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16
Q

Nepal short term responses

A

300k migrated from Kathmandu
Oxfam helped (NGO)

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17
Q

Chile long term responses

A

200k households helped by government

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18
Q

Nepal long term responses

A

international conference to seek financial aid

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19
Q

how does monitoring work volcanos

A

techniques such as ground deformation are used to see if the ground changes shape

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20
Q

how does monitoring work earthquakes

A

microquakes can occur before the main event

21
Q

how does predicting volcanos work

A

monitoring allows accurate prediction

22
Q

how does predicting earthquakes work

A

impossible to predict accurately yet patterns can be used to help prepare

23
Q

how does protecting from earthquakes work

A

people do practice drills

24
Q

how does protecting from volcanos work

A

embankments and explosives to redirect lava flow

25
Q

how does planning for volcanos work

A

risk assessment to reduce high risk building

26
Q

how does planning for earthquakes work

A

risk assessment to reduce high risk building

27
Q

what are the three air cells

A

hadley
ferrel
polar

28
Q

where do TSs form

A

5-15° N+S

29
Q

how hot for TSs

A

27°C

30
Q

What is the Coriolis effect

A

TSs spin as the earth spins, causingf them to spin

31
Q

which direction do TSs spin?

A

N anti clockwise
S clockwise

32
Q
A
33
Q

secondary effects of Haiyan

A

6 million lost jobs
shortages of vital supplies eg. food, water etc
looting and violence in tacloban

34
Q

immediate responses to Haiyan

A

NGO aid
field hospitals

35
Q

long term responses to Haiyan

A

UN financial aid
rice farming quickly re-established

36
Q

UK Heatwave example

A

2003, 2000 people died, road melted

37
Q

UK snow example

A

2010, as low as -18.7°C

38
Q

evidence for climate change

A

glaciers retreating
rising sea levels
thermal expansion
bird migration

39
Q

when did temperatures start increasing rapidly

A

mid 1970s

40
Q

how do they measure temperature before records

A

CO2 in ice cores and oxygen in sediment

41
Q

what are Milankovitch cycles

A

they move the earth closer and farther from the sun

42
Q

what are the 3 Milankovitch cycles

A

eccentricity circular to elliptical
axial tilt 21.5°-24.5°
precession axis wobbles between extremes

43
Q

what are the 3 main natural climate change contributors

A

orbital changes
solar activity
volcanic activity

44
Q

how does solar activity affect climate

A

sunspots and solar flares

45
Q

how does volcanic activity affect climate

A

ash from eruptions can cause surface temperatures to decrease
also SO2 gets in atmosphere reflecting radiation

46
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect caused by what

A

fossil fuelsCO2 (60%)
deforestation reducing taking in
CH4 from livestock (fastest growing)

47
Q

methods for managing climate change

A

carbon capture
renewable energy
afforestation
international agreements

48
Q

how can we adapt to climate change

A

resistant crops
new irrigation
educating farmers
shade trees
new cropping patterns

49
Q

what is happening to the Maldives to mitigate sea levels rising

A

3m sea wall
houses on stilts
artificial islands
restoration of mangrove forests

My Geography (6 decks)

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