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My Geography > Paper 1 Section A > Flashcards

Paper 1 Section A Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

severe sudden event that damages an area SEE

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2
Q

what is a hazard risk

A

how likely a natural hazard is likely to occur

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3
Q

what affects hazard risk

A

Urbanisation
poverty
farming
climate change

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4
Q

what happens at constructive margins

A

shield volcanos
fluid magma
mild earthquakes
eg. Iceland between NA and EA plate

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5
Q

what happens at destructive margins

A

composite volcanos
sticky magma
severe earthquake
eg. Nazca subducting under SA plate

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6
Q

what happens at a conservative margin

A

large earthquakes as friction builds up

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7
Q

Nepal Earthquake deaths

A

9k

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8
Q

Chile Earthquake deaths

A

500

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9
Q

Chile costs

A

$30 billion

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10
Q

Nepal costs

A

$5 billion

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11
Q

Nepal Focus v. shallow

A

15km

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12
Q

Chile focus shallow

A

35km

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13
Q

Nepal affected people

A

8 million affected

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14
Q

Chile affected people

A

800k affected

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15
Q

Chile short term responses

A

most water and power in 10 days
30k emergency shelters

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16
Q

Nepal short term responses

A

300k migrated from Kathmandu
Oxfam helped (NGO)

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17
Q

Chile long term responses

A

200k households helped by government

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18
Q

Nepal long term responses

A

international conference to seek financial aid

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19
Q

how does monitoring work volcanos

A

techniques such as ground deformation are used to see if the ground changes shape

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20
Q

how does monitoring work earthquakes

Study These Flashcards
A

microquakes can occur before the main event

21
Q

how does predicting volcanos work

Study These Flashcards
A

monitoring allows accurate prediction

22
Q

how does predicting earthquakes work

Study These Flashcards
A

impossible to predict accurately yet patterns can be used to help prepare

23
Q

how does protecting from earthquakes work

Study These Flashcards
A

people do practice drills

24
Q

how does protecting from volcanos work

Study These Flashcards
A

embankments and explosives to redirect lava flow

25
how does planning for volcanos work
risk assessment to reduce high risk building
26
how does planning for earthquakes work
risk assessment to reduce high risk building
27
what are the three air cells
hadley ferrel polar
28
where do TSs form
5-15° N+S
29
how hot for TSs
27°C
30
What is the Coriolis effect
TSs spin as the earth spins, causingf them to spin
31
which direction do TSs spin?
N anti clockwise S clockwise
32
33
secondary effects of Haiyan
6 million lost jobs shortages of vital supplies eg. food, water etc looting and violence in tacloban
34
immediate responses to Haiyan
NGO aid field hospitals
35
long term responses to Haiyan
UN financial aid rice farming quickly re-established
36
UK Heatwave example
2003, 2000 people died, road melted
37
UK snow example
2010, as low as -18.7°C
38
evidence for climate change
glaciers retreating rising sea levels thermal expansion bird migration
39
when did temperatures start increasing rapidly
mid 1970s
40
how do they measure temperature before records
CO2 in ice cores and oxygen in sediment
41
what are Milankovitch cycles
they move the earth closer and farther from the sun
42
what are the 3 Milankovitch cycles
eccentricity circular to elliptical axial tilt 21.5°-24.5° precession axis wobbles between extremes
43
what are the 3 main natural climate change contributors
orbital changes solar activity volcanic activity
44
how does solar activity affect climate
sunspots and solar flares
45
how does volcanic activity affect climate
ash from eruptions can cause surface temperatures to decrease also SO2 gets in atmosphere reflecting radiation
46
enhanced greenhouse effect caused by what
fossil fuelsCO2 (60%) deforestation reducing taking in CH4 from livestock (fastest growing)
47
methods for managing climate change
carbon capture renewable energy afforestation international agreements
48
how can we adapt to climate change
resistant crops new irrigation educating farmers shade trees new cropping patterns
49
what is happening to the Maldives to mitigate sea levels rising
3m sea wall houses on stilts artificial islands restoration of mangrove forests

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