Paper 1 Section A Flashcards
what is a natural hazard
severe sudden event that damages an area SEE
what is a hazard risk
how likely a natural hazard is likely to occur
what affects hazard risk
Urbanisation
poverty
farming
climate change
what happens at constructive margins
shield volcanos
fluid magma
mild earthquakes
eg. Iceland between NA and EA plate
what happens at destructive margins
composite volcanos
sticky magma
severe earthquake
eg. Nazca subducting under SA plate
what happens at a conservative margin
large earthquakes as friction builds up
Nepal Earthquake deaths
9k
Chile Earthquake deaths
500
Chile costs
$30 billion
Nepal costs
$5 billion
Nepal Focus v. shallow
15km
Chile focus shallow
35km
Nepal affected people
8 million affected
Chile affected people
800k affected
Chile short term responses
most water and power in 10 days
30k emergency shelters
Nepal short term responses
300k migrated from Kathmandu
Oxfam helped (NGO)
Chile long term responses
200k households helped by government
Nepal long term responses
international conference to seek financial aid
how does monitoring work volcanos
techniques such as ground deformation are used to see if the ground changes shape
how does monitoring work earthquakes
microquakes can occur before the main event
how does predicting volcanos work
monitoring allows accurate prediction
how does predicting earthquakes work
impossible to predict accurately yet patterns can be used to help prepare
how does protecting from earthquakes work
people do practice drills
how does protecting from volcanos work
embankments and explosives to redirect lava flow
how does planning for volcanos work
risk assessment to reduce high risk building
how does planning for earthquakes work
risk assessment to reduce high risk building
what are the three air cells
hadley
ferrel
polar
where do TSs form
5-15° N+S
how hot for TSs
27°C
What is the Coriolis effect
TSs spin as the earth spins, causingf them to spin
which direction do TSs spin?
N anti clockwise
S clockwise
secondary effects of Haiyan
6 million lost jobs
shortages of vital supplies eg. food, water etc
looting and violence in tacloban
immediate responses to Haiyan
NGO aid
field hospitals
long term responses to Haiyan
UN financial aid
rice farming quickly re-established
UK Heatwave example
2003, 2000 people died, road melted
UK snow example
2010, as low as -18.7°C
evidence for climate change
glaciers retreating
rising sea levels
thermal expansion
bird migration
when did temperatures start increasing rapidly
mid 1970s
how do they measure temperature before records
CO2 in ice cores and oxygen in sediment
what are Milankovitch cycles
they move the earth closer and farther from the sun
what are the 3 Milankovitch cycles
eccentricity circular to elliptical
axial tilt 21.5°-24.5°
precession axis wobbles between extremes
what are the 3 main natural climate change contributors
orbital changes
solar activity
volcanic activity
how does solar activity affect climate
sunspots and solar flares
how does volcanic activity affect climate
ash from eruptions can cause surface temperatures to decrease
also SO2 gets in atmosphere reflecting radiation
enhanced greenhouse effect caused by what
fossil fuelsCO2 (60%)
deforestation reducing taking in
CH4 from livestock (fastest growing)
methods for managing climate change
carbon capture
renewable energy
afforestation
international agreements
how can we adapt to climate change
resistant crops
new irrigation
educating farmers
shade trees
new cropping patterns
what is happening to the Maldives to mitigate sea levels rising
3m sea wall
houses on stilts
artificial islands
restoration of mangrove forests
