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Geography > paper 2 Sec C > Flashcards

paper 2 Sec C Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a resource

A

a stock or supply of something valuable and useful

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2
Q

what are the 3 main resources for this topic?

A
  1. food
  2. energy
  3. water
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3
Q

what are the social impacts of no access to food?

A

no access to safe nutritious food –> people become malnourished –> increase likelihood of getting diseases

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4
Q

what are the economic impacts of no access to food.

A

malnourishment —> people not working —> harm their own and country’s economic wellbeing

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5
Q

what are the social impacts of no access to energy?

A

can’t work at night without electricity –> people burn wood or kerosene to provide heat and light —> can release harmful gases e.g CO2 and carbon monoxide (poison) –> respiratory problems

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6
Q

what are the economic impacts of no access to energy

A

without electricity countries struggle at attract industries e.g TNCs which can hinder development.

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7
Q

what are the 2 social impacts of no access to water?

A

diseases and cant grow crops

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8
Q

what are the economic impacts of no access to water?

A
  • people have to walk long distances so less time spent at work
  • lack of water for hydroelectric energy
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9
Q

what has the increasing population and changes in demands led to? (4)

A
  1. increased demand for season and high value exports from LICs e,g fruits out season - strawberries
  2. increased awareness of food miles ad locally produced food
  3. increased demand for organic products
  4. more agribusiness
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10
Q
A
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11
Q

what is food mile?

A

the distance food is transported, from where it is produced to where it is sold

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12
Q

what are the economic reasons as to why the UK imports so much food?

A

1.food abroad is often cheaper because it is imported by supermarket who compete for low prices
2. food produced in the UK can be expensive because of poor harvest and the price of animal feed

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13
Q

what are the social reasons as to why the UK imports so much food?

A
  1. people expect seasonal products all year round
  2. people in UK demand greater choice and more exotic fruit
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14
Q

what is an environmental reason as to why the UK imports so much food?

A

the UK climate is unsuitable to produce some products e.g cocoa, tea and bananas

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15
Q

what is organ food?

A

food grown under strict guidelines - not allowed to use artificicial pesticides and fertilisers not allowed

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16
Q

what are the 2 advantages of organic products

A

1.crops are grown without chemical fertilisers –> reduced damage to environment as fertilisers are not washed into ponds – > organic food marketed as being healthier

  1. uses less machinery so more jobs created locally
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17
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of organic food?

A
  1. crops must be grown in season, which means consumers cannot get certain produce all year round
  2. not using machines, fertilisers and pesticides means that crop yields can be lower than agribusiness farming
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18
Q

why is there a demand for organic produce?

A

they do not use fertilisers and pesticides which can affect their health therefore life expectancy increases

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19
Q

what is agribusiness?

A

large - scale industrial farming, where fertilisers and pesticides are used

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20
Q

what are 2 advantages of agribusiness?

A
  1. the use of machinery, fertilisers and pesticides means they can produce lots of food in a large scale
  2. economies of scale mean that farmers make saving because they are buying machinery, seed and fertilisers in bulk
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21
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of agribusiness?

A
  1. pesticides and fertilisers can have environmental consequences such as polluting nearby rivers and the sea
  2. mechanisation of farming can put some jobs at risk as fewer workers are needed on farms
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22
Q

why is there a demand for agribusiness?

A

because more food is produced to help the increasing population in the UK

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23
Q

what does the increasing population and the demand for water lead to problems with?

A
  1. increasing demand for water across UK
  2. matching supply and demand
    3, water transfer schemes
  3. water pollution and management
24
Q

what do water transfer schemes do?

A

move water from areas of surplus to areas of derelict

25
Q

2 disadvantages of water transfer schemes

A

1.dams and aqueducts are expensive so some areas cannot afford this
2. it can cause negative affects on food chain
- fish migration can be disrupted by dams
- loss of habitats + biodiversity

26
Q

Strategies used by the UK government to manage water pollution (3)

A
  • In 2019, 4,600 rivers, lakes and other waterways were tested fro water quality by the Environment Agency
  • The Water Resources Act in 1991 made it illegal to release any pollutants into UK waters without permits/ or meeting strict critea.
  • The Welsh Government plans to plant 100,000 hectares of new woodland in the next 20 years to achieve this as part of the Glastir Scheme.
27
Q

what has the increasing population and changes in demand for water lead to problems with? (3)

A
  1. The changing Uk energy mix - the reliance of fossil fuels and the growing importance of renewables
  2. reduced domestic supplies if fossil fuels
  3. economic and environmental issues with exploiting energy sources
28
Q

what country has been doing lots of fracking in the last 10 years?

A

USA

29
Q

What 3 things are injected into the earth during fracking?

A

water , sand and chemicals

30
Q

what are 2 risks of fracking?

A
  • releases GHG methane
  • cancer causing substances
31
Q

explain one reason why the global demand for water is increasing

A

economic development —> needed for energy use and manufacturing products —> countries develop rapidly –> As a result countries can develop rapidly and water stress can occur as the demand of water exceeds the supply

32
Q

By how much is the world population approximately increasing each year?

A

80 million

33
Q

what percentage of water is withdrawn for energy use ?

A

15%

34
Q

what are 4 factors that can lead to water stress/ scarcity

A
  1. population increase
  2. energy production
  3. irrigation for agriculture
  4. climate
35
Q

what are 4 impact of water insecurity? (expand)

A
  1. disease and pollution
    - cholera, typhoid
    • sewage, industrial waste , fertilisers
  2. reduced industrial output
    - manufacturing industries require huge amounts of water
    - 15% of water is used to generate electricity
    - water shortages means produce less goods, loss of jobs, decrease energy supply —> can;t attract TNCs
  3. Conflict
    - water sources cross national and political borders
    e.g rivers that flow through more than 1 country
  4. reduced food production
    - agricultural irrigation
    - lower crop yield —> starvation + malnourishment –> increase diseases
36
Q

what are 4 advantages of diverting water supplies?

A
  1. land does not need to be flooded upstream
  2. water can be directed to farms for agricultural use
    3, water can ve stored in wet seasons and recovered in dry seasons
  3. does not require a reservoir so has less environmental impacts
37
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of diverting water supplies?

A
  1. some species if fish are at risk of dying out
  2. dams create a barrier and so fish migration is disrupted
38
Q

what are 3 advantages of dams and reservoirs?

A
  1. store large amounts of water for use during drier periods
  2. they can be used to generate hydroelectric power
  3. they can be used to help prevent flooding
39
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of dams and reservoirs?

A
  1. creating a reservoir flood large areas of agricultural land and woodland
  2. expensive to build
  3. people are forced out of their homes as land needs o be flooded for reservoir creation
40
Q

4 facts about the 3 Goges Dam in China

A
  • 1.4 miles long and 185m talls
  • 410 miles long reservoir
  • has flooded 244 square miles of land
  • 1.3 million people have been displaced
41
Q

where do water transfer schemes move water from?

A

from areas of surplus

42
Q

why are water transfer schemes expensive?

A

they include large scale engineering projects

43
Q

what does desalination do?

A

removes salt from sea water

44
Q
  1. what is one reason why china needed a water transfer scheme?
  2. how much did it cost?
  3. when were the central and eastern routes completed?
  4. what are 2 strategies used to transfer water along the eastern route?
  5. what was an advantages of the water transfer scheme?
A
  1. high population density
  2. $62 billion
  3. 2013/ 2014
  4. pumping stations and tunnels
  5. clean water was transferred to Beijing and Tianjin
45
Q

what is sustainability?

A
46
Q

what is water conservation?
Give some methods

A

Using less water
- fixing leaks in reservoirs, pipes and taps
- irrigating farmland using drip pipes
- buying efficient wash machines and dishwashers and running them on full loads
- fitting water meters into homes
- educating people on having shorter showers and turn of taps when not in use

47
Q

what are 3 ground water strategies?

A
  1. using fewer artificial fertilisers
  2. international agreements about shared aquifer use
  3. monitoring extraction of water
48
Q

recycled water (3)

A
  1. water from homes and industries can be piped to water treatment plants where it is treated to make it safe enough to reuse
  2. recycling water is more sustainable as it uses less water
  3. when water is recycled it reduces the need to over extract ground water stores
49
Q

what is recycled water used for? (4)

A

irrigation, industry, power plants and toilet flushing

50
Q

what is grey water?

A

a type of recycled water that is reused immediately without being treated

51
Q

what are 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of using grey water?

A

Advantages:
1. can be used immediately without treatment
2. can be used for irrigating gardens and farmland, washing cars and flushing toilets
Disadvantages:
1. Grey water systems can be expensive to install
2. if grey water is not used quickly enough bacteria can from

52
Q

Sand dam

A
53
Q

what are 3 advantages of sand dams in Kenya?

A
  1. cheap to build and do not require much maintenance
  2. members of the community do not need to walk as far to get water
  3. the water can be used to irrigate crops and increase crop yields
54
Q

disadvantages of sand dams in Kenya

A
  1. when there is drought the water is not replenished
  2. in heavy rainfall, or high discharge the dam can be damaged which can be costly or difficult to repair
  3. the dam can stop the water from flowing downstream, so communities may have less water supply.
55
Q
A

Geography (14 decks)

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