P1. Section B (2)

Question 1

what are 4 impacts of deforestation

Answer 1

1. Loss of habitats –> species populations decrease —> impacts on food chains –> extinction –> loss of medicines
2. Less trees to absorb CO2 —> more CO2 in atmosphere –> GHGs increase —> more global warming and temps rising —> increase in forest/wild fires
3. Soil erosion —> soil infertility —> less crops grown —> less income
4. Logging —> provides wood to sell (e.g furniture) —. provides jobs —> pay tax –> gov develop

Question 2

What are 4 national methods of managing the rainforest?

Answer 2

1. selective logging
2. Ecotourism
3. International Agreements
4. Debt reduction and conservation

Question 3

what is selective logging?

Answer 3

removing only a small number of trees
- allows rainforest to recover
- logs a range of species so that none are over - exploited

Question 4

2 positives of selective logging

Answer 4

1. younger trees can grow in space created from older trees being cut down
2. trees can be sold to earn a profit

Question 5

2 negatives of selective logging

Answer 5

1. if all trees are clear felled in an area, the soil can erode and become infertile, stopping future growth
2. affects local environment and habitats

Question 6

what is ecotourism?

Answer 6

a type of tourism that is designed to be low impact, benefit local communities and protect the environment for the future

Question 7

2.positives of ecotourism

Answer 7

1. only small number of visitors are allowed at a time –> minimises environmental damage, low demand for resources e.g water
2. locals employed so they do not have to farm or cut down trees to make money

Question 8

what is a negative of ecotourism?

Answer 8

it relies on tourism number being high

Question 9

how does international agreements help manage the rainforest?

Answer 9

trees are replanted and the wood is given a registration number to prove it

Question 10

give an example of an international agreement for managing rainforests.

Answer 10

Timber Agreement (2006) restricts trade of wood to only timber that has been cut down in a sustainably managed rainforest

Question 11

2 positives of international agreements.

Answer 11

1. people can sell wood and make a profit
2. trees are replanted so future gens can use

Question 12

1 negative of international agreements

Answer 12

1. optional so not all countries sign

Question 13

what is debt for nature swaps?

Answer 13

when HICs agree to write off debts of LICs if the money is spent on conserving (protecting) large areas of their rainforest.

Question 14

Give an example of ‘debt for nature swaps’

Answer 14

USA reduced Brazil’s debt by £12 million in 2010, this money had to be spent on conservation and protection of TRF’s

Question 15

positive of debt for nature swaps

Answer 15

Less deforestation of TRFs to pay debt

Question 16

negative of debt for nature swaps

Answer 16

Some countries may not stick to the agreement and spend the money elsewhere

Question 17

how do conservation by NGOs help manage rainforests. (2)

Answer 17

1. educate people about conservation through school programmes
2. educate and train local people in conservation

Question 18

negative of conservation by NGOs

Answer 18

some NGOs struggle for funding and sometimes rely on government funding so their reach can be relatively small

Question 19

what is conservation?

Answer 19

natural resources are used in a way to protect them from running out in future

Question 20

what is an example of an NGO that helps manage rainforests

Answer 20

World wide fund for nature (WWF)

Question 21

what is a desert?

Answer 21

area that receives less than 250mm of rainfall in a year

Question 22

why is the climate of hot deserts hot?

Answer 22

they are close to the equator and therefore have a smaller surface area, which means that solar radiation is more concentrated and it is hot

Question 23

why are hot dessert dry?

Answer 23

there is low pressure as air is sinking therefore there us a lack of condensation so no clouds form

Question 24

what does diurnal mean?

Answer 24

daily changes

Question 25

what is the average rainfall in tropical rainforests?

Answer 25

2500mm

Question 26

what is the average rainfall in a hot desert?

Answer 26

250 mm

Question 27

why are temperatures high in hot deserts?

Answer 27

because of the lack of cloud cover therefore all sunlight reaches the surface of the earth , causing surface temps to be high

Question 28

why is the soil in hot deserts infertile?

Answer 28

because there are few leaves falling or animals dying to decompose and release their nutrients to the soil

Question 29

what is biodiversity?

Answer 29

the variety and amount of plnats, animals and insects in the biome

Question 30

why is biodiversity low in hot deserts? (3)

Answer 30

-lots of animals migrate to find food and water elsewhere.
- many animals are not adapted to live there
- low levels of rainfall (e.g to water plants)

Question 31

why is there a large diurnal temperature in the hot desert?

Answer 31

the sun heats the earth and atmosphere during the day , few clouds are there at night so heat escapes

Question 32

2 examples of human activity that is affecting the interdependence of features of hot desserts?

Answer 32

1.afforestation —> leaves litter—> decomposition—> nutrients returned to soil
2. Irrigation —> less water in river —> animals less water to drink —> animals and plants die –> reduces decomposition

Question 33

what is an adaptation?

Answer 33

a mutation or genetic change that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal survive in its environment

Question 34

what do plants and animals need to adapt to in hot deserts?

Answer 34

1. extremely dry climate
2. intense sand storms
3. extreme temperatures ( up to 50 degrees in day and -2 degrees at night
4. poor quality soil

Question 35

Adaptation and explanation of plants (captus) (5)

Answer 35

1. horizontal root system just below the surface —> to increase the amount of water absorbed, as water does not sink deep in the ground
2. seeds can stay dormant for years but can germinate (grow) quickly when it rains —> to increase the chance of the plant surviving and growing
3. some plants have long tap roots (7-10 metres deep) —> to absorb as much more water as they can reach ground water due to rapid evaporation
4. small leaves or spines, glossy and waxy leaves —> to reflect some of the heat and reduce loss of moisture
5. store water in their tissue or bulbs in their roots —> to reduce the amount of water accessible to other animals or birds

Question 36

Adaptations of Camals

Answer 36

1. Long eyelashes and nostrils that can close
   - prevent sand going into eyes or inhaling sand during sand storms.
   - allows them to still see and breathe
2. Stores fat in their hump
   - energy source to help them with lack of food
   - less likely to starve when there is no vegetation
3. wide and flat hooves (feet) with thick skin
   - helps walk on hot sandy surfaces
   - do not sink into sand when travelling —> can travel further to food
4. Large stomachs
   - to store water
   - camels can drink up to 100 litres of water with each visit
   - can go days without water
5. Thick lips
   - helps them eat spiky captuses

Question 37

Salinisation process

Answer 37

1. Irrigation occurs
2. can cause salinisation when the water in soils evaporate in high temperatures
3. this causes changes in the water table as salts from salty solutions deep in the soil to be drawn from the soil to the surface
4. the salty water evaporates and leaves the salt on the surface
5. salts are toxic to plants and make the land unusable
   - lower crop yield

Question 38

what is desertification?

Answer 38

when land degrades ( soil declines in quality) , making it drier and less productive .

• the process when useful fertile land becomes a desert

Question 39

what are 5 causes of desertification?

Answer 39

1. over-cultivation
2. Climate change
3. Overgrazing
4. Removal of fuel wood
5. Population growth

Question 40

how does over - cultivation cause desertification?

Answer 40

removes nutrients from soil without letting the recovery of nutrients through decomposition —> decreases quality of soil due to less nutrients—> less crops growing —> less roots to bind soil together –> soil erosion by wind or rain —> soil infertility = degraded soil —> desertficiation

Question 41

how does climate change cause desertification?

Answer 41

less rainfall + more droughts –> plants die due to lack of water—> less roots to bind soil together —> soil erosion by wind/rain —> soil infertility —> desertification

Question 42

how does over- grazing cause desertficiation?

Answer 42

more cattle produced that eat plants —> animals eat all the plants which means there’s less plants to decompose and return nutrients to soil –>soil becomes infertile and there’s less roots to hold soil together –> degraded soil –> desertification

Question 43

what are 3 ways to reduce desertification?

Answer 43

1. soil management
2. water management
3. Planting trees

Question 44

how does soil management reduce desertification? (3)

Answer 44

1. Crop rotation
   - each crop requires a specific nutrient –> when we rotate, the nutrients are not depleted
2. Leave time between each harvest —> to allow nutrients to return to the soil
3. Add compost/fertilisers —> to put nutrients back into the soil

Question 45

how does water management reduce desertification? (2)

Answer 45

1. Drip irrigation
   - drip water through small holes directly where the crops grow –> to waste less water
2. Plant crops which need less water to grow e.g olives

Question 46

how does planting trees reduce desertification? (2)

Answer 46

1. binds the soil together by root systems
2. provides shade —> decreases evaporation and the soil drying out
3. provides nutrients through decomposition of leaves, branches, etc
4. Planting drought resistant trees and trees that require less water