P2. section B Flashcards
what is the definition of quality of life?
the standard of health, money and happiness experienced by an individual or group of people
- e.g work, financial material and emotional wellbeing?
what is the definition of standard of living?
the level of wealth, comfort, material good and necessities available to a certain socio-economic class or certain area
what is GNI per capita?
what are 2 limitations of using GNI per capita to measure development?
- doesn’t take into account illegal, black market activity
- doesn’t look at social indicators (e.g life expectancy and literacy rate)
what is the definition of development?
the process of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and quality of life
what are 2 limitations of using birth rate as a measure of development?
- can be influenced by government policies (e.g 1 child rule in china)
- LIC’s birthrates are not always registered so are given as estimates
what are the 5 factors affecting the development gaps?
- tropical diseases
- natural disasters
- landlocked
- trade
- colonialism
what are 3 physical factors that are affecting the development gap?
- tropical diseases (malaria)
- natural disasters
- landlocked
what is an economic factor that is affecting the development gap?
trade
what is a social factor that is affecting the development gap?
colonialism
How does tropical diseases affect the development gap?
increase in tropical diseases –> affects ability of population staying healthy to work –> less people getting paid –> less tax
How does natural disasters affect the the development gap?
increase in natural disasters–> money spent on repairing damages –> slows development –> less money in economy to invest in services such as health care
how does a country being landlocked affect the development gap.
landlocked means no ports near ocean –> so have to pay other countries or use more expensive ways of transport in order to trade –> lose profit –> less money to develop country
how does trade affect the development gap?
LICs–> sell primary products = less value –> they lower their prices in order to compete with other LICs–> means they are not making much profit
HIC are buying for less and selling for more.
How does colonialism affect the development gap?
IN past developed countries stripped LICs of their resources –> meant that LICs were left with barren land –> no resources to trade –> not making money –> can’t develop
what are 6 methods for reducing the development gap?
- aid
- fair trade
- microfinance
- intermediate technologies
- debt relief
- economic investment and industrial development
what is aid?
when a country or NGO donates resources to another country to help it develop
what is an example of aid?
Oxfam’s goat aid given to Malawi
what is a negative of aid?
is not successful if it is not long- term or sustainable
how do aid reduce the development gap?
education/teaching of skills —> literacy rate increases —> ppl get higher skilled and paid jobs —> more tax to gov
what is microfinance?
when small loans are given to people in LICs who may not be able to get the from traditional banks
what is an example of microfinance?
$200 given to women in Bangladesh to buy phones and rent them out
what is a negative of microfinance?
businesses could fail meaning they can’t pay back the loans
what is debt relief?
when a some or all a country’s debts are cancelled, reduced or interest rates are lowerd
what is an example of debt relief?
Zambia’s $4 billion debt cancelled in 2005 so the country had enough money to start a free health care scheme in 2006
what is a negative of debt relief?
some countries don’t spend the money effectively on developing
what is intermediate technologies?
giving LICs tools, machines and systems that improve their quality of life
- have to be affordable, simple to use and cheap to maintain
what is an example of intermediate technologies?
solar powered LED lights used in parts of Nepal
what is fair trade?
farmers getting a fair price for their goods
what is a negative of intermediate technologies?
LICs may not be able to afford them or may struggle to maintain them
- some technologies depend on climate (e.g solar powered)
what is an example of fair trade?
Fair trade Premium
- where money is given to local governments to develop the area where the goods come from
(e.g.building schools . health centres)
what are 2 negatives of fair trade?
- only a tiny proportion of the extra money goes to the original producer
- products are expensive so less people buy them
what is economic investment?
when countries and TNCs invest money and expertise to increase profits
what does industrial development mean?
moving from a mainly agricultural based sector to a manufacturing economy
what is an example of economic investment and industrial development?
USA Apple headquarters invested in China
what are 3 negatives of economic investment and industrial development?
- factories increase carbon emissions
- some TNCs pay workers poorly
- poor working conditions
what is a trans-national corporation?
companies which are global.
-usually have their headquarters in HICs
- and factories in LICs
list 4 reasons why TNCs chose to locate in other countries especially LICs?
- pay less tax in another country
- cheaper labour , exploiting workers, pay workers less
- relaxed environmental laws so can produce more products
- access to wider market, more exposure
what is the definition of industrial development?
the development of jobs from primary sectors to secondary and tertiary sectors
what are the 5 different types of aid
Emergency aid
Developmental aid
NGOs
Top-down approach
Bottom - up approach
what is emergency aid?
Usually follows natural disaster, war or conflict
what is developmental aid?
long term aid that promotes progress within a country
aim: improve quality of life —> by providing safe water, education or improvements to infrastructure
what is aid by NGOs?
aid that isn’t from government but from independent organisations
What is top-down aid?
development projects imposed from governments
what is bottom-up aid?
development projects that start and work from the grass-roots?
what is the definition of de-industrialisation?
The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and oversees competition
what does the primary sector involve?
involves extracting raw materials from the natural environment
-e.g farming and miming
what does the secondary sector consist of?
those that take raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products
what does the tertiary sector involve?
involves the selling of services and skills
what does the Quaternary sector consist of?
consists of those industries providing information such as computing ICT and Research & Development
what did de-industrialisation cause in the UK?
a decline in the secondary sector and an increase in the tertiary and quaternary sector.
what is the definition of globalisation?
the process of creating more of a connected world, with an increase in the global movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism)
how has globalisation been made possible?
by the advance and improvements of technology, communications and transport
what is responsible for the decline in the secondary sector and increase in the tertiary sector in the UK?
Globalisation
what is a science park?
a group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site.
what is a business park?
an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses
where do science and business parks tend to locate?
- near universities
- near transport links
- at edge of cities
5 positives of globalisation
1.economic growth
2.cheaper goods and services
3. high value production
4. migration
5. foreign investments
3 negatives of globalisation
- outsourcing jobs
- less manufacturing
- inequality between low and high paid jobs
what factoring close down and cause protests.
Dunlop factory
what is a post industrial economy
where the manufacturing industry declines and is replaced with the growth of the tertiary sector and the corresponding development of the quaternary sector
what are 5 environmental disadvantages of a post -industrial economy
- creation of waste (pollution)
- transporting raw materials cause GHG
- visual/ noise pollution
- deforestation —> loss of habitats
- degrading soil —> less soil quality
what car industry is in Sunderland UK?
Nissan
