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Geography > P2. section B > Flashcards

P2. section B Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of quality of life?

A

the standard of health, money and happiness experienced by an individual or group of people
- e.g work, financial material and emotional wellbeing?

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2
Q

what is the definition of standard of living?

A

the level of wealth, comfort, material good and necessities available to a certain socio-economic class or certain area

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3
Q

what is GNI per capita?

A
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4
Q

what are 2 limitations of using GNI per capita to measure development?

A
  1. doesn’t take into account illegal, black market activity
  2. doesn’t look at social indicators (e.g life expectancy and literacy rate)
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5
Q

what is the definition of development?

A

the process of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and quality of life

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6
Q

what are 2 limitations of using birth rate as a measure of development?

A
  1. can be influenced by government policies (e.g 1 child rule in china)
  2. LIC’s birthrates are not always registered so are given as estimates
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7
Q

what are the 5 factors affecting the development gaps?

A
  1. tropical diseases
  2. natural disasters
  3. landlocked
  4. trade
  5. colonialism
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8
Q

what are 3 physical factors that are affecting the development gap?

A
  1. tropical diseases (malaria)
  2. natural disasters
  3. landlocked
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9
Q

what is an economic factor that is affecting the development gap?

A

trade

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10
Q

what is a social factor that is affecting the development gap?

A

colonialism

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11
Q

How does tropical diseases affect the development gap?

A

increase in tropical diseases –> affects ability of population staying healthy to work –> less people getting paid –> less tax

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12
Q

How does natural disasters affect the the development gap?

A

increase in natural disasters–> money spent on repairing damages –> slows development –> less money in economy to invest in services such as health care

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13
Q

how does a country being landlocked affect the development gap.

A

landlocked means no ports near ocean –> so have to pay other countries or use more expensive ways of transport in order to trade –> lose profit –> less money to develop country

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14
Q

how does trade affect the development gap?

A

LICs–> sell primary products = less value –> they lower their prices in order to compete with other LICs–> means they are not making much profit
HIC are buying for less and selling for more.

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15
Q

How does colonialism affect the development gap?

A

IN past developed countries stripped LICs of their resources –> meant that LICs were left with barren land –> no resources to trade –> not making money –> can’t develop

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16
Q

what are 6 methods for reducing the development gap?

A
  1. aid
  2. fair trade
  3. microfinance
  4. intermediate technologies
  5. debt relief
  6. economic investment and industrial development
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17
Q

what is aid?

A

when a country or NGO donates resources to another country to help it develop

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18
Q

what is an example of aid?

A

Oxfam’s goat aid given to Malawi

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19
Q

what is a negative of aid?

A

is not successful if it is not long- term or sustainable

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20
Q

how do aid reduce the development gap?

A

education/teaching of skills —> literacy rate increases —> ppl get higher skilled and paid jobs —> more tax to gov

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21
Q

what is microfinance?

A

when small loans are given to people in LICs who may not be able to get the from traditional banks

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22
Q

what is an example of microfinance?

A

$200 given to women in Bangladesh to buy phones and rent them out

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23
Q

what is a negative of microfinance?

A

businesses could fail meaning they can’t pay back the loans

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24
Q

what is debt relief?

A

when a some or all a country’s debts are cancelled, reduced or interest rates are lowerd

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25
Q

what is an example of debt relief?

A

Zambia’s $4 billion debt cancelled in 2005 so the country had enough money to start a free health care scheme in 2006

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26
Q

what is a negative of debt relief?

A

some countries don’t spend the money effectively on developing

27
Q

what is intermediate technologies?

A

giving LICs tools, machines and systems that improve their quality of life
- have to be affordable, simple to use and cheap to maintain

28
Q

what is an example of intermediate technologies?

A

solar powered LED lights used in parts of Nepal

29
Q

what is fair trade?

A

farmers getting a fair price for their goods

30
Q

what is a negative of intermediate technologies?

A

LICs may not be able to afford them or may struggle to maintain them
- some technologies depend on climate (e.g solar powered)

31
Q

what is an example of fair trade?

A

Fair trade Premium
- where money is given to local governments to develop the area where the goods come from
(e.g.building schools . health centres)

32
Q

what are 2 negatives of fair trade?

A
  • only a tiny proportion of the extra money goes to the original producer
  • products are expensive so less people buy them
33
Q

what is economic investment?

A

when countries and TNCs invest money and expertise to increase profits

34
Q

what does industrial development mean?

A

moving from a mainly agricultural based sector to a manufacturing economy

35
Q

what is an example of economic investment and industrial development?

A

USA Apple headquarters invested in China

36
Q

what are 3 negatives of economic investment and industrial development?

A
  • factories increase carbon emissions
  • some TNCs pay workers poorly
  • poor working conditions
37
Q

what is a trans-national corporation?

A

companies which are global.
-usually have their headquarters in HICs
- and factories in LICs

38
Q

list 4 reasons why TNCs chose to locate in other countries especially LICs?

A
  1. pay less tax in another country
  2. cheaper labour , exploiting workers, pay workers less
  3. relaxed environmental laws so can produce more products
  4. access to wider market, more exposure
39
Q

what is the definition of industrial development?

A

the development of jobs from primary sectors to secondary and tertiary sectors

40
Q

what are the 5 different types of aid

A

Emergency aid
Developmental aid
NGOs
Top-down approach
Bottom - up approach

41
Q

what is emergency aid?

A

Usually follows natural disaster, war or conflict

42
Q

what is developmental aid?

A

long term aid that promotes progress within a country
aim: improve quality of life —> by providing safe water, education or improvements to infrastructure

43
Q

what is aid by NGOs?

A

aid that isn’t from government but from independent organisations

44
Q

What is top-down aid?

A

development projects imposed from governments

45
Q

what is bottom-up aid?

A

development projects that start and work from the grass-roots?

46
Q

what is the definition of de-industrialisation?

A

The decline of a country’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and oversees competition

47
Q

what does the primary sector involve?

A

involves extracting raw materials from the natural environment
-e.g farming and miming

48
Q

what does the secondary sector consist of?

A

those that take raw materials produced by the primary sector and process them into manufactured goods and products

49
Q

what does the tertiary sector involve?

A

involves the selling of services and skills

50
Q

what does the Quaternary sector consist of?

A

consists of those industries providing information such as computing ICT and Research & Development

51
Q

what did de-industrialisation cause in the UK?

A

a decline in the secondary sector and an increase in the tertiary and quaternary sector.

52
Q

what is the definition of globalisation?

A

the process of creating more of a connected world, with an increase in the global movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism)

53
Q

how has globalisation been made possible?

A

by the advance and improvements of technology, communications and transport

54
Q

what is responsible for the decline in the secondary sector and increase in the tertiary sector in the UK?

A

Globalisation

55
Q

what is a science park?

A

a group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site.

56
Q

what is a business park?

A

an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

57
Q

where do science and business parks tend to locate?

A
  1. near universities
  2. near transport links
  3. at edge of cities
58
Q

5 positives of globalisation

A

1.economic growth
2.cheaper goods and services
3. high value production
4. migration
5. foreign investments

59
Q

3 negatives of globalisation

A
  1. outsourcing jobs
  2. less manufacturing
  3. inequality between low and high paid jobs
60
Q

what factoring close down and cause protests.

A

Dunlop factory

61
Q

what is a post industrial economy

A

where the manufacturing industry declines and is replaced with the growth of the tertiary sector and the corresponding development of the quaternary sector

62
Q

what are 5 environmental disadvantages of a post -industrial economy

A
  • creation of waste (pollution)
  • transporting raw materials cause GHG
  • visual/ noise pollution
  • deforestation —> loss of habitats
  • degrading soil —> less soil quality
63
Q

what car industry is in Sunderland UK?

A

Nissan

64
Q
A

Geography (14 decks)

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