P1. Section A

Question 1

what is a natural hazard?

Answer 1

a natural event that has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

• must have social and economic impacts

Question 2

what is a hazard risk?

Answer 2

the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

Question 3

what are 7 examples of natural hazards?

Answer 3

volcanoes, earthquakes, tropical storms, heat waves, droughts, tornadoes and wildfires

Question 4

what are the 2 subsections natural hazards are split into?

Answer 4

1. weather hazards (atmospheric hazard)
2. geological hazards (tectonic hazards)

Question 5

what are tectonic hazards caused by?

Answer 5

caused due to movements of the plates
- w.g earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis

Question 6

what are atmospheric hazards caused by?

Answer 6

by weather & climate
-e.g flooding and wildfires

Question 7

what is the other name for weather hazards?

Answer 7

atmospheric hazards

Question 8

what is the other name for geologic hazards?

Answer 8

tectonic hazards

Question 9

what are 3 human factors affecting risk?

Answer 9

1. population density
2. level of development
3. poverty

Question 10

what is population density?

Answer 10

how many people live in a certain area
-more people = more deaths

Question 11

what are 5 physical factors affecting risk?

Answer 11

1. time of day
2. length of time since the last hazard happened
3. urbanisation
4. climate change
5. farming

Question 12

Tectonic plate move due to…

Answer 12

convection currents

Question 13

how does earthquakes create convesction currents

Question 14

what is the area where the plates melt, then turn to magma and rises called?

Answer 14

the magma chamber

Question 15

is the oceanic crust thinner or denser?

Answer 15

thinner

Question 16

what happens to the oceanic crust

Answer 16

is thinner and denser so subducts
- is constantly being destroyed and replaced at plate boundaries

Question 17

describe the continental crust

Answer 17

• thick and less dense
• is older than oceanic ( over 1500 millions years old)
• can’t be renewed or destroyed

Question 18

what happens at the destructive (collision) margin?

Answer 18

• 2 continental plates collide
• there’s no subduction because they are the same density
  -they collide and and push up forming fold mountains

Question 19

what happens at constructive plate margins

Answer 19

2 plates move apart
- magma rises up to fill the gap
- new crust is formed as magma rises to the surface

• this means that some places the sea floor is still growing
  this is called sea floor spreading

Question 20

what happens at conservative plate margins?

Answer 20

• plates slide past each other and lock causing friction
• the pressure builds up and causes shockwaves which causes earthquakes

Question 21

what happens at destructive plate margins?

Answer 21

• continental meets oceanic plate
  -oceanic subducts under continental
• plate starts to melt due to friction
• magma builds in the chamber and forced to rise through gaps in the continental plate
• gravity pulls oceanic plate into mantle, dragging plate away from constructive margin

Question 22

what human activity can cause earthquakes

Answer 22

mining
- therefore may not occur on tectonic plates.

Question 23

what is diverging?

Answer 23

when 2 plates move apart

Question 24

what is converging?

Answer 24

when 2 plates move together

Question 25

what is slab pull?

Answer 25

where older, denser, tectonic plates sink into the mantle at subduction zones

Question 26

what are the 4 ways to reduce risk

Answer 26

1. monitoring 2. prediction 3. protection 4. planning

Question 27

what are 2 reasons why people live in areas at risk of volcanic hazards

Answer 27

1. fertile soil --> grow lots of crops 2. geothermal energy 3. tourism

Question 28

reduce risk: what is monitoring?

Answer 28

using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcanic eruption

Question 29

reduce risk: what is prediction?

Answer 29

using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a tectonic hazard may happen

Question 30

reduce risk: what is protection?

Answer 30

designing buildings that will withstand tectonic hazards

Question 31

reduce risk: what is planning?

Answer 31

identifying and avoiding spaces most at risk and practising what you would do if a tectonic even happened

Question 32

what are 8 features of earthquake resistant buildings?

Answer 32

1. roof covering the area to prevent pedestrians from shattered glass 2. shock absorbers in foundation to absorb seismic waves 3. deep foundations into solid rocks 4. several emergency stair case 5. cross bracing to provide extra support to the frame 6. weights on the roof to counterbalance shaking 7. large open areas for evacuees and emergency services to gather 8. strong steel frame with girders interlinked

Question 33

what is an example of monitoring?

Answer 33

Hurricane watch which monitors the North Atlantic - ppl are advised and can plan/ evacuate ---> decreases amount of deaths

Question 34

what is an example of protection?

Answer 34

houses built on stilts: - reduces chances of flooding shutters on windows: - pedestrians won't be shattered with glass

Question 35

what is an example of prediction?

Answer 35

Hurricane warning in the North Atlantic - ppl know if a hurricane will happen so can evacuate

Question 36

what is an example of planning?

Answer 36

evacuation drills - USA preparedness week - means organisation and less panic

Question 37

what is the definition of weather?

Answer 37

day to day changes in the conditions of the atmosphere

Question 38

what is the definition of climate?

Answer 38

an average weather over a period of time (e.g 30 days)

Question 39

what is the definition of extreme weather?

Answer 39

weather that is significantly different from the usual weather pattern

Question 40

give 3 examples of climate.

Answer 40

tropical, temperature, polar

Question 41

give 3 examples of weather.

Answer 41

drought, rain, sunny, fog

Question 42

give 8 examples of extreme weather

Answer 42

thunderstorms, prolonged rainfall, drought, extreme heat, heavy snow, extreme cold, strong winds and thick fog

Question 43

what is global atmospheric circulation?

Answer 43

the circular movement of air around the earth to try and balance the temperature

Question 44

what is lattitude?

Answer 44

how far north and south you are from the equator

Question 45

why is the equator warmer than the the poles?

Answer 45

because solar radiation is spread over a greater angle this means the solar radiation is less concentrated. Furthermore solar radiation travels through more atmosphere to get to the poles this means more solar radiation is reflected or absorbed before reaching the earth's suface

Question 46

what is the energy that is released from the sun called?

Answer 46

solar radiation

Question 47

does the equator have a greater or smaller energy from the sun?

Answer 47

greater

Question 48

what weather condition forms during high pressure?

Answer 48

anticyclone conditions

Question 49

what weather conditions form during low pressure?

Answer 49

cyclonic conditions

Question 50

what is anticyclone conditions

Question 51

what does wind blow from?

Answer 51

high to low pressure

Question 52

what are cyclonic conditions

Question 53

why does air rise at the equator?

Answer 53

because air is heated so becomes less dense and rises

Question 54

what is warm air that rises called?

Answer 54

low pressure

Question 55

is there little or a lot of rainfall in high pressure?

Answer 55

little

Question 56

why is it the coolest at the poles?

Answer 56

because the solar radiation is spread over a large surface area so is less concentrated

Question 57

why do polar regions experience little rainfall?

Answer 57

because they experience high pressure so air is sinking not rising and condenses

Question 58

what is storm surge?

Answer 58

winds push water --> deadliest aspect of a hurricane

Question 59

what is a tropical storm?

Answer 59

a localised, very intense low- pressure wind system, forming over tropical oceans and with winds of huricane force

Question 60

what are 4 conditions needed for hurricanes/ tropical storms to form?

Answer 60

1. between 5 and 20 degrees north and south of the equator 2. 27 degrees minimum ocean temperature 3. 74 mph wind speed 4. water needs to be at least 60m deep

Question 61

what are hurricanes measured on?

Answer 61

saffir -simson scale

Question 62

what is chloropleth map?

Question 63

what are 2 advantages of chloropleth maps?

Answer 63

1. visually appealing therefore easy to read 2. Quick and easy to construct

Question 64

what are 2 disadvantages of chloropleth maps?

Answer 64

1. hard to get an accurate reading as the boundaries between the data are high 2. makes generalisation/ estimations because not all areas would have had the same impact

Question 65

what us hurricane watch?

Answer 65

advises that hurricane conditions are possible

Question 66

What is hurricane warning?

Answer 66

advises hurricane conditions are expected and people should take immediate action

Question 67

What is the cone of innacuracy?

Answer 67

prediciting the wrong path of Typhoon Haiyan - The circumstances of the cone increases as it travels