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Geography > P1. Section A > Flashcards

P1. Section A Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a natural hazard?

A

a natural event that has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death

  • must have social and economic impacts
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2
Q

what is a hazard risk?

A

the chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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3
Q

what are 7 examples of natural hazards?

A

volcanoes, earthquakes, tropical storms, heat waves, droughts, tornadoes and wildfires

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4
Q

what are the 2 subsections natural hazards are split into?

A
  1. weather hazards (atmospheric hazard)
  2. geological hazards (tectonic hazards)
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5
Q

what are tectonic hazards caused by?

A

caused due to movements of the plates
- w.g earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis

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6
Q

what are atmospheric hazards caused by?

A

by weather & climate
-e.g flooding and wildfires

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7
Q

what is the other name for weather hazards?

A

atmospheric hazards

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8
Q

what is the other name for geologic hazards?

A

tectonic hazards

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9
Q

what are 3 human factors affecting risk?

A
  1. population density
  2. level of development
  3. poverty
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10
Q

what is population density?

A

how many people live in a certain area
-more people = more deaths

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11
Q

what are 5 physical factors affecting risk?

A
  1. time of day
  2. length of time since the last hazard happened
  3. urbanisation
  4. climate change
  5. farming
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12
Q

Tectonic plate move due to…

A

convection currents

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13
Q

how does earthquakes create convesction currents

A
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14
Q

what is the area where the plates melt, then turn to magma and rises called?

A

the magma chamber

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15
Q

is the oceanic crust thinner or denser?

A

thinner

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16
Q

what happens to the oceanic crust

A

is thinner and denser so subducts
- is constantly being destroyed and replaced at plate boundaries

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17
Q

describe the continental crust

A
  • thick and less dense
  • is older than oceanic ( over 1500 millions years old)
  • can’t be renewed or destroyed
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18
Q

what happens at the destructive (collision) margin?

A
  • 2 continental plates collide
  • there’s no subduction because they are the same density
    -they collide and and push up forming fold mountains
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19
Q

what happens at constructive plate margins

A

2 plates move apart
- magma rises up to fill the gap
- new crust is formed as magma rises to the surface

  • this means that some places the sea floor is still growing
    this is called sea floor spreading
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20
Q

what happens at conservative plate margins?

A
  • plates slide past each other and lock causing friction
  • the pressure builds up and causes shockwaves which causes earthquakes
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21
Q

what happens at destructive plate margins?

A
  • continental meets oceanic plate
    -oceanic subducts under continental
  • plate starts to melt due to friction
  • magma builds in the chamber and forced to rise through gaps in the continental plate
  • gravity pulls oceanic plate into mantle, dragging plate away from constructive margin
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22
Q

what human activity can cause earthquakes

A

mining
- therefore may not occur on tectonic plates.

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23
Q

what is diverging?

A

when 2 plates move apart

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24
Q

what is converging?

A

when 2 plates move together

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25
Q

what is slab pull?

A

where older, denser, tectonic plates sink into the mantle at subduction zones

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26
Q

what are the 4 ways to reduce risk

A
  1. monitoring
  2. prediction
  3. protection
  4. planning
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27
Q

what are 2 reasons why people live in areas at risk of volcanic hazards

A
  1. fertile soil –> grow lots of crops
  2. geothermal energy
  3. tourism
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28
Q

reduce risk: what is monitoring?

A

using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events such as volcanic eruption

29
Q

reduce risk: what is prediction?

A

using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a tectonic hazard may happen

30
Q

reduce risk: what is protection?

A

designing buildings that will withstand tectonic hazards

31
Q

reduce risk: what is planning?

A

identifying and avoiding spaces most at risk and practising what you would do if a tectonic even happened

32
Q

what are 8 features of earthquake resistant buildings?

A
  1. roof covering the area to prevent pedestrians from shattered glass
  2. shock absorbers in foundation to absorb seismic waves
  3. deep foundations into solid rocks
  4. several emergency stair case
  5. cross bracing to provide extra support to the frame
  6. weights on the roof to counterbalance shaking
  7. large open areas for evacuees and emergency services to gather
  8. strong steel frame with girders interlinked
33
Q

what is an example of monitoring?

A

Hurricane watch which monitors the North Atlantic
- ppl are advised and can plan/ evacuate —> decreases amount of deaths

34
Q

what is an example of protection?

A

houses built on stilts:
- reduces chances of flooding
shutters on windows:
- pedestrians won’t be shattered with glass

35
Q

what is an example of prediction?

A

Hurricane warning in the North Atlantic
- ppl know if a hurricane will happen so can evacuate

36
Q

what is an example of planning?

A

evacuation drills - USA preparedness week
- means organisation and less panic

37
Q

what is the definition of weather?

A

day to day changes in the conditions of the atmosphere

38
Q

what is the definition of climate?

A

an average weather over a period of time (e.g 30 days)

39
Q

what is the definition of extreme weather?

A

weather that is significantly different from the usual weather pattern

40
Q

give 3 examples of climate.

A

tropical, temperature, polar

41
Q

give 3 examples of weather.

A

drought, rain, sunny, fog

42
Q

give 8 examples of extreme weather

A

thunderstorms, prolonged rainfall, drought, extreme heat, heavy snow, extreme cold, strong winds and thick fog

43
Q

what is global atmospheric circulation?

A

the circular movement of air around the earth to try and balance the temperature

44
Q

what is lattitude?

A

how far north and south you are from the equator

45
Q

why is the equator warmer than the the poles?

A

because solar radiation is spread over a greater angle this means the solar radiation is less concentrated. Furthermore solar radiation travels through more atmosphere to get to the poles this means more solar radiation is reflected or absorbed before reaching the earth’s suface

46
Q

what is the energy that is released from the sun called?

A

solar radiation

47
Q

does the equator have a greater or smaller energy from the sun?

A

greater

48
Q

what weather condition forms during high pressure?

A

anticyclone conditions

49
Q

what weather conditions form during low pressure?

A

cyclonic conditions

50
Q

what is anticyclone conditions

A
51
Q

what does wind blow from?

A

high to low pressure

52
Q

what are cyclonic conditions

A
53
Q

why does air rise at the equator?

A

because air is heated so becomes less dense and rises

54
Q

what is warm air that rises called?

A

low pressure

55
Q

is there little or a lot of rainfall in high pressure?

A

little

56
Q

why is it the coolest at the poles?

A

because the solar radiation is spread over a large surface area so is less concentrated

57
Q

why do polar regions experience little rainfall?

A

because they experience high pressure so air is sinking not rising and condenses

58
Q

what is storm surge?

A

winds push water –> deadliest aspect of a hurricane

59
Q

what is a tropical storm?

A

a localised, very intense low- pressure wind system, forming over tropical oceans and with winds of huricane force

60
Q

what are 4 conditions needed for hurricanes/ tropical storms to form?

A
  1. between 5 and 20 degrees north and south of the equator
  2. 27 degrees minimum ocean temperature
  3. 74 mph wind speed
  4. water needs to be at least 60m deep
61
Q

what are hurricanes measured on?

A

saffir -simson scale

62
Q

what is chloropleth map?

A
63
Q

what are 2 advantages of chloropleth maps?

A
  1. visually appealing therefore easy to read
  2. Quick and easy to construct
64
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of chloropleth maps?

A
  1. hard to get an accurate reading as the boundaries between the data are high
  2. makes generalisation/ estimations because not all areas would have had the same impact
65
Q

what us hurricane watch?

A

advises that hurricane conditions are possible

66
Q

What is hurricane warning?

A

advises hurricane conditions are expected and people should take immediate action

67
Q

What is the cone of innacuracy?

A

prediciting the wrong path of Typhoon Haiyan
- The circumstances of the cone increases as it travels

68
Q
A
69
Q
A

Geography (14 decks)

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