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Geography > P2 section A > Flashcards

P2 section A Flashcards

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1
Q

what is urbanisation?

A

the increase in the proportion of people living in built environments such as towns and cities

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2
Q

rural definition?

A

refers to countryside which is sparsely populated

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3
Q

what does sparsely populated mean?

A

not many people per km square

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4
Q

urban definition

A

refers to a town or city that is densely populated

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5
Q

what is natural increase?

A

when the birth rate is higher than the death rate

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6
Q

what is rural to urban migration?

A

movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities

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7
Q

what are pull factors for people leaving the countryside

A
  1. more well paid jobs
  2. more entertainment
  3. better chance of getting an education
  4. better medical facilities with trained doctors
  5. big companies based there and offer skilled jobs
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8
Q

what are push factors for people leaving the countryside?

A
  1. mechanisation of farming
  2. desertification and soil erosion
  3. drought and other climate hazard reduce crop yield
  4. poor harvest leads to malnutrition or famine
  5. few doctors or hospitals
  6. rural areas are isolated and have poor road access
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9
Q

what is a mega city?

A

a city with a population over 10 million

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10
Q

what are 2 reasons for the growth of mega cities?

A
  1. rural to urban migration
  2. natural increase
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11
Q

what are 3 opportunities if living in mega cities?

A
  1. lower skilled jobs filled in
  2. larger employment pool, sharing of ______ + innovation = business tourism
  3. sharing of culture, more social connections
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12
Q

what are 4 challenges of living in mega cities?

A
  1. strain on health care and resources
  2. higher crime rates
  3. employment competition
  4. deforestation to make room for housing
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13
Q

what is 2 regional importance of Lagos?

A
  1. large migrant population from rural increase cultural diversity
  2. good roads to keep it well connected to other towns –> helps trade
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14
Q

what is 2 national important of Lagos

A

1.home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry
2. contributes 30% of Nigeria’s GDP

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15
Q

what is 2 international importance of Lagos?

A
  1. 7th fastest growing city in the world
  2. Large port (border the Atlantic) and international airport called Murtala Muhamme
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16
Q

what are 4 economic opportunities of urban growth in Lagos?

A
  1. Lagos has the headquarters of many of Nigeria’s main banks, government buildings and manufacturing companies
  2. Lots of skilled jobs in construction available….
  3. Nollywood (film industry) in Lagos made $3billion in 2018 and is the second biggest film industry in the world
  4. Wages are 4 times higher in Lagos compared to nearby rural areas
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17
Q

what are 4 social opportunities of urban growth in Lagos?

A
  1. Lagos uses 40% of the whole country’s energy supply
  2. The city has water treatment plants which provide safe water , however only 40% of the population has clean water
  3. 90% of children in Lagos attend primary school compared to 60% in rural areas
  4. Healthcare services are much better in the city than in rural Nigeria
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18
Q

what are 2 environmental opportunities of urban growth in Lagos?

A
  1. set a target to plant 10 million trees by 2020
    2.Freedom Park —> creates habitsts for animals
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19
Q

9 Challenges of urban growth in Lagos

A
  1. people who do not have higher paid jobs cannot afford healthcare and there is not enough doctors for all the people
  2. There is only 1 primary school in Makoko slum for 250,000 people
  3. only 40% of Lagos is connected to the official water supply
  4. Water is such high demand that people have to pay large prices to get it from informal sellers
  5. in Makoko communal toilets are shared between 15 households and waste goes into the lagoon
  6. Crime rates are high in slums like Makoko. Gangs called ‘area boys’ patrol but commit crimes themselves because the police cannot cope
  7. there is not enough jobs so people do informal jobs like pick up litter on rubbish dumps
  8. 66% of people in Lagos live in slums
  9. Slum housing is illegal and so their homes could be destroyed at any time
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20
Q

what are 3 environmental challenges in Lagos?

A
  1. Waste disposal
    - Lagos produces about 9000 tonnes of rubbish each day —>only 40% of this is officially collected
    - Large dumps e.g Olusosun contain toxic waste
  2. Air and water Pollution
    - 10,000 illegal industries (do not follow government registration) in Lagos
    waste disposal and emissions from factories are not controlled
    - air pollution levels are 5 times higher than the recommended limit —> breathing problems
    - water pollution leads to illnesses kike cholera
  3. Traffic congestion
    - only 40% of cars are registered in Lagos
    - the centre of Lagos is in an island, there are only 3 bridges linking it to the rest of the city
    - official public transport is limited
    - the poorest pay one fifth of their income on transfort
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21
Q

what are 3 environmental opportunites in Lagos?

A
  1. Waste Disposal
    -Lagos waste management authority is trying to collect rubbish overnight to increase collections.
    - Recycling banks are being put in every estate
  2. Air and water pollution
    - banned the import of small generator
    - communities encouraged to share one larger generator –> reduces pollution
  3. Traffic congestion
    - Bus rapid Transit.
    - Lagos Rail Mass Transit
    - At the start of 2020 banned commercial motorbike taxis
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22
Q

when was the Makoko Floating school built/ destroyed?

A

built in 2013,
destroyed by storm in 2016, never rebuilt

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23
Q

Makoko floating school (facts/information)

A
  1. free education
  2. improves quality of life for residents
  3. receives funding from donors
  4. helps tackle climate change and global warming
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24
Q

Makoko floating school

A
  1. up to 100 students educates for free
  2. provides jobs for local teachers
  3. runs on solar power
  4. school collects rains to meet its needs and not to take away from the resources the local community relied on
  5. school built by unskilled local workers, this allowed them to learn new skills they could use to build and repair their own homes
  6. school was built using locally sourced materials, including 250 floating barrels –> means local environment not harmed
  7. schools buoyancy allowed it to adjust it to different water levels so protects children from floods
  8. school used for local community and activities which increased the community spirits in Makoko
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25
Q

3 things a city has that are advantages

A
  1. a port
  2. flat/ low lying land
  3. minerals (e.g iron core and coal) –> creates jobs
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26
Q

how does having flat low lying land benefit a city?

A

suitable for farming —> crops grown —> sold

27
Q

what us counter urbanisation?

A

some people are moving from inner cities to the surrounding suburbs, rural - urban fringe and to rural areas

28
Q

what 4 reasons for counter - urbanisation?

A
  1. housing is cheaper and bigger
  2. less air pollution
  3. improved/ better transport links
  4. remote working
29
Q

what are 5 national importance of London?

A
  1. UK’s capital city
  2. generates aprox 22% of the UK’s GDP
  3. most populous region in the UK (8.9 million residents)
  4. over 400,000 people are employed in the city of London
  5. London is a centre for tourism. In 2022 there was approximately 11 million international arrivals
30
Q

what are 3 international importance of London?

A
  1. Londin has a large financial centre e.g Canary Wharf containing international companies HQs
  2. 6 international airports such as Gatwick, Heathrow and Stansted serve London
  3. London is a centre for tourism. In 2022 there was approximately 11 million international arrivals
31
Q

what us the median age of London compared to England?

A

London = 35.9
England = 40.7

32
Q

Explain London’s population over the years? Give reasons.

A

In 1801 to 1941 London’s population increased from 1 million to 8.5 million due to industrial revolution.
It decreased to 6.5 million from 1941 due to WW1 where London was bombed resulting in many people migrating.
London’s population began to increase again from 1991 due to more job opportunities

33
Q

How has international migration shaped London?

A
  1. more diversity ( languages, food, carnivals)
    • education on religion and languages
  2. more terraced housing
  3. incre
34
Q

Cultural opportunites in London (3)

A
  1. Soho is a small, trendy, multicultural area in London home to an array of
    restaurants and shops. The record shops and coffee shops attracted so many people that parts of Soho have been pedestrianised.
  2. London is the most ethnically diverse city in the UK with around 40%, of residents not white British.
  3. Over 300 languages are spoken in London and over 123 different cuisines.
35
Q

employment opportunities in London

A
  1. London is the leading financial centre for international business and generates 22% of the UK’s GDP.
    -Canary Wharf, the largest financial district in UK employs around 12,000 people.
  2. Tourism is one of London’s prime industries which generates 350,000 full time workers in London e.g., working at London Dungeons.
36
Q

Intergrated transport system opportunities in London (3)

A
  1. 27% of people use public transport in London.
  2. Transport for London oversees the London overground, the underground, the DLR, buses, river bus, the Emirates skyline and the soon to be cross rail line.
    All these services are
    integrated meaning passengers can switch from one to the other very easily using an Oyster card.
  3. HS2 will link London to Birmingham more easily (49 minutes instead of 1 hour 20) allowing for development of business opportunities and eventually on to Manchester & Leeds.
    This has now been halted/permanently stopped?
37
Q

urban green/ environmental opportunities in London (2)

A
  1. There are over 3000 public parks which cover around 18% of London.
  2. The London Green Grid policy aims to deliver ‘green infrastructure’, a network of green spaces across the city that are designed to provide several benefits including improved recreation, promote healthy living, reducing flooding, improving air quality and enhancing biodiversity
38
Q

recreation and employment opportunities in London (5)

A
  1. Soho is a small, trendy, multicultural area in London home to an array of
    restaurants and shops. The record shops and coffee shops attracted so many people that parts of Soho have been pedestrianised.
  2. The west End in London attracts around 15 million visitors per year to various shows including the Lion King, Bodyguard and Cats
  3. For sporting fans, several important weekly football games take place in the Emirates Stadium, White Hart Lane and national games at Wembley.

4.Tourism is one of London’s prime industries which generates 350,000 full time workers in London e.g., working at London Dungeons.

  1. Over 300 languages are spoken in London and over 123 different cuisines.
39
Q

Opportunities in London (12)

A
  1. London is the leading financial centre for international business and generates 22% of the UK’s GDP.
    -Canary Wharf, the largest financial district in UK employs around 12,000 people.
  2. Soho is a small, trendy, multicultural area in London home to an array of
    restaurants and shops. The record shops and coffee shops attracted so many people that parts of Soho have been pedestrianised.
  3. The west End in London attracts around 15 million visitors per year to various shows including the Lion King, Bodyguard and Cats
  4. London is the most ethnically diverse city in the UK with around 40%, of residents not white British.

5.For sporting fans, several important weekly football games take place in the Emirates Stadium, White Hart Lane and national games at Wembley.

6.Tourism is one of London’s prime industries which generates 350,000 full time workers in London e.g., working at London Dungeons.

  1. There are over 3000 public parks which cover around 18% of London.
  2. 27% of people use public transport in London.
  3. The London Green Grid policy aims to deliver ‘green infrastructure’, a network of green spaces across the city that are designed to provide several benefits including improved recreation, promote healthy living, reducing flooding, improving air quality and enhancing biodiversity
  4. Transport for London oversees the London overground, the underground, the DLR, buses, river bus, the Emirates skyline and the soon to be cross rail line.
    All these services are
    integrated meaning passengers can switch from one to the other very easily using an
    Oyster card.
  5. HS2 will link London to Birmingham more easily (49 minutes instead of 1 hour 20) allowing for development of business opportunities and eventually on to Manchester & Leeds.
    This has now been halted/permanently stopped?
  6. Over 300 languages are spoken in London and over 123 different cuisines.
40
Q

How has international migration shaped London?

A
  1. culture/ diversity –> languages, food, carnival, education on religion and languages
  2. more terraced housing
  3. average house prices are higher in London
    - London = £520,000 England = £300,000
  4. increases number of different cuisines—> 123 different cuisines available in London
41
Q

what are 4 reasons for urban challenges in London?

A
  1. deindustrialisation
  2. post - industrial economy
  3. migration
  4. building on brown field sites
42
Q

what are brown/ green field sites?

A

green field sites: building on land that has not been built on before
brownfield sites: building on land that has already been built on

43
Q

what is the name of the Theatre district in London?

A

The West End

44
Q

what are 2 types of transport in TFL?

A

DLR, overground, underground

45
Q

how many different cuisines are in London?

A

123

46
Q

how many different languages are in London

A

over 300

47
Q

what % of the UK’s GDP is generated in London?

A

22%

48
Q

deprivation meaning

A

refers to the extent to which individuals or communities lack the necessities required for a decent quality of life, such as employment opportunities, financial stability, adequate housing, and essential services.

49
Q

how many people in London struggle with poverty?

A

2 million

50
Q

what percentage of people are unemployed in London?

A

5%
- highest percentage of all areas in the UK

51
Q

what is derelict

A

abandoned, in a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect.

52
Q

what is a cause in many derelict buildings

A

de- industrialisation
- factories close down and buildings are left

53
Q

why does urban decline result in the environmental quality of the are decreasing?

A

urban decline means there is an increase in abandoned buildings which are then graffitied or used as waste land

54
Q

what are 4 advantages of using brownfield sites?

A
  1. public transport is better in inner city urban areas so there is less need for cars
  2. reduced the need for urban sprawl
  3. sites are available since old industries have declined
  4. new developments can improve the urban environment
55
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of using brownfield sites?

A
  1. old building may need to be demolished first which can be expensive
  2. the ground may need to be de-contaminated which is expensive and dangerous
56
Q

what are 2 advantages of using greenfield sites?

A
  1. it is cheaper to build new houses in rural areas
  2. no demolition or de-contamination is needed
57
Q

what are 4 disadvantages of using greenfield sites?

A
  1. natural habitats may be destroyed
  2. once land is built on, it is unlikely to be turned back to countryside
  3. valuable farmland may be lost
  4. increases urban sprawl
58
Q

what is urban sprawl?

A

when urban areas are getting bigger and expanding into rural areas

59
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Geography (14 decks)

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