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Biology > Paper 2: Homeostasis and Response > Flashcards

Paper 2: Homeostasis and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The constant regulation of an internal environment

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2
Q

Why is homeostasis needed

A

To maintain internal environments for metabolism and to respond in fluctuations in internal and external environment

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3
Q

Name examples of what is regulated in body

A

Blood glucose levels, body temperature, CO2 levels aswell as water levels

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4
Q

What are the 2 systems that control homeostasis called and what type of systems are they

A

Nervous system and endocrine system
Automatic control systems

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5
Q

What is a synapse

A

The gap where 2 neurons meet

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6
Q

How are signals passed through the synapse

A

Through chemical neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Why are neurotransmitters used across the synapse

A

Electrical signal cannot pass over the gap

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8
Q

How is signals passed through neurons

A
  1. Electrical signal arrives at the end of a neuron and cause certain neurotransmitters to pass across the synapse
  2. These neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the other neuron, these receptors only produce an electrical signal if they receive a neurotransmitter
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9
Q

What is a stimuli

A

A change in the environment

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10
Q

Describe the full nervous system response to a stimuli

A

Receptors detect a stimuli and send an electrical signal along the sensory neuron.
Sensory neuron passes this signal to the CNS. Relay neurons then pass this signal from the spine to the brain where a response towards the stimuli is calculated.
The CNS sends this response along a motor neuron as an electrical signal, this reaches an effector which carries out the response

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11
Q

2 Examples of a receptor

A

Rods and cones in the eye
Skin cell

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12
Q

2 Examples of effectors

A

Muscle
Gland

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13
Q

Label a neuron

A

Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Dendrite
Axon
Axon terminal
Myliemn Sheath

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14
Q

What is the axon

A

Long body of the nerve cell which passes electrical signals along it

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15
Q

What is the mylen sheath

A

Fatty cells that insulate the electrical signals passed through the axon

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16
Q

What is the dendrite purpose

A

Connect to other neurons to from a network

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17
Q

Label the endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovaries

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18
Q

What is a reflex

A

A fast and automatic response

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19
Q

What is a reflex arc

A

The pathway which carries information about a reflex action

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20
Q

How does a reflex work

A

Stimulus is detected by receptor cell and electrical impulse is sent through sensory neurons
Relay neurons pass this impulse into the CNS (unconisous part of brain)
A response is automatically sent along the motor neurons to the effector cells

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21
Q

Differences between responses of nervous and hormonal

A

Hormone Nervous
Slow Fast
General area Specific area
Long duration Short duration

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22
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers that active a response

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23
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland do in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH and LH

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24
Q

How does the pituitary gland act as a master gland

A

It controls the release of other hormones in the body by other glands

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25
Q

Is diabetes 1 or 2 for fat people

A

2

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26
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

When the persons pancreas does not produce enough insulin to control blood sugar so blood sugar raises

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27
Q

How to treat type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injections

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28
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

The effector cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas

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29
Q

How to treat type 2 diabetes

A

Make lifestyle choices like reducing on glucose in diet

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30
Q

Why is testosterone needed

A

Causes the production of sperm

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31
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Control blood sugar levels

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32
Q

What type of loop is the blood glucose regulation loop

A

Negative feedback

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33
Q

How does the body respond to low glucose level

A

Pancreas releases glucagon hormone
This causes cells to release glucose

Liver and muscle cells convert stored glycogen into glucose

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34
Q

How does the body respond to high glucose levels

A

Pancreas releases insulin that causes cells to absorb glucose

Liver and muscles convert the glucose into stored glycogen

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35
Q

What is ovulation and which hormone causes it

A

Egg is released from the ovaries into the uterus each month
Oestrogen

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36
Q

What is menstruation

A

Lining of the uterus being shed when the woman is not pregnant

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37
Q

Where is FSH produced and what does it cause and how does it effect other hormones

A

Pituitary gland
An egg to develop in an ovary
Stimulates oestrogen production

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38
Q

Where is oestrogen produced and what does it cause and how does it effect other hormones

A

Ovaries
Causes ovulation and the lining of the uterus to build up
Stimulates LH production limits FSH

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39
Q

Where is LH produced and what does it cause and how does it effect other hormones

A

Pituitary gland
Causes ovulation
Stimulates production of progesterone (indirectly)

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40
Q

Where is progesterone produced and what does it cause and how does it effect other hormones

A

Ovaries
Uterus lining maintains
Inhibits production of LH

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41
Q

How does the pill work

A

Inhibits FSH production

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42
Q

How does a contraceptive injection work

A

Contains progesterone to limit amount of eggs put into uterus

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43
Q

How do condoms work

A

Sperm cant reach egg to fertilize it

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44
Q

How do Intrauterine devices work

A

Attacthed to uterus, releases hormones, prevents implantation by sperm

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45
Q

How do spermicide agents work

A

Kill sperm

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46
Q

How does abstaining from intercourse work

A

No sperm can fertilise egg

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47
Q

How does surgery work for not getting pregants

A

Tube that passes sperm from testies to penis are sealed
fallopian tubes are sealed for females, ovulation can’t occur

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48
Q

How can infertility be solved

A

Injecting the woman with FSH and LH in a fertility clinic
IVF

49
Q

What are the stages of IVF

A
  1. Woman is given FSH and LH to stimulate ovulation
  2. Eggs are fertilized in a lab with a man’s sperm
  3. Eggs develop into embryos
  4. Blasocyst is inserted into the woman’s uterus
  5. Pregnancy continues as usual
50
Q

Negative of IVF

A

Stressful and emotional
Success rates are low
Higher chance of multiple births

51
Q

What does adrenaline do

A

Increase heart rate and breathing rate, vasodilation, supply brain and muscles with more oxygen

52
Q

What is thyroxine produced by

A

Thyroid gland

53
Q

What does thyroxine do and how

A

Stimulates metabolism by controlling how quickly oxygen and food react

54
Q

2 negative feedback loops in body

A

Blood sugar
Thyroxine production

55
Q

Thyroxine production flow chart

A

Hypothamamus
l
Thyroxine Releasing Hormone TRH
l
Pituitary Gland
l
Thyroxine Stimulating Hormone TSH
l
Thyroid Gland
l
Thyroxine

56
Q

What if the metabolism becomes too low

A

Hypothalamus is stimulated

57
Q

What if the metabolism becomes too high

A

Hypothalamus is inhibited

58
Q

What is the steps involved in measuring reaction time

A
  1. One person sits on a chair upright and places their forearm on the table so their hands hang over the end of the table
  2. The other person places the 0cm on the ruler between the person’s thumb and index finger, with their thumb and index finger as far apart as possible
  3. Drop the ruler and the partner catches the ruler
  4. Read where their thumb is to how much cm the ruler fell before they caught that
  5. Repeat
  6. Swap roles
  7. Convert cm into reaction time
59
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do

A

Consciousness, intelligence, language and memory

60
Q

What does the medulla do

A

Controls unconscious functions like heartbeat

61
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Muscle coordination and balance

62
Q

How can you studying the brain by looking at people who have suffered brain damage

A

By looking at how the person behaves with that injury we can see what the part of their brain that was injured was necessary for

63
Q

How do you study the brain by electrically stimulating it

A

Electrodes inserted into brain tissue, this stimulates part of the brain, the response is observed to see what this part of the brain’s role is

64
Q

How do you study the brain by MRI scanning

A

By scanning a brain using mri while a person is doing a specifc action we can see which part of the brain allows that action to happen

65
Q

Label eye from left to right

A

Cornea, sclera, iris, pupil, ciliarly muscle, suspension ligament, choriod, retina, fovea, optic nerve

66
Q

Retina function

A

Contains rods and cones for detecting light

67
Q

Optic nerve

A

Contains neurons that pass on impulses between the eye and brain

68
Q

Sclera

A

Protects the eye

69
Q

Cornea

A

Focuses light on the retina

70
Q

Iris

A

Made up of circular and radial muscles which can dilate the pupil

71
Q

Cililary muscles

A

Alter the shape of the lens

72
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A

Attach cillary muscles to the eye

73
Q

When the light intensity is high how does the pupil decrease

A

Radial muscles relax
circular muscles contract

74
Q

How does the pupil dilate in low light

A

Radial muscles contract
Circular muscles relax

75
Q

To focus near objects the lens in the eye needs to become _____er and how

A

Thicker, to make the light refract more
Thick is done by the contraction of the cilliary muscles CONVEX

76
Q

To focus far objects the lens in the eye needs to become _____er and how

A

Thinner, to make the light refract more
Thin is done by the relaxion of the cilliary muscles CONCAVE

77
Q

2 types of vision defects

A

Myopia
Hyperopia

78
Q

What can’t you focus on with myopia

A

Long distance things

79
Q

What causes myopia

A

When the eye is elongated or the lens is too fat
Light focuses before reaching retina

80
Q

How to solve myopia

A

Concave lense

81
Q

What is hyperopia

A

Can’t focus on near objects

82
Q

Causes of hyperopia

A

Eye is too short, or lack of elasticity in the eye
Light focuses after the retina

83
Q

What solves hyperopia

A

A convex lens

84
Q

What is body temperture

A

37 degrees

85
Q

Where is the thermoregulatory centre

A

Hypothalamus

86
Q

Why is the body at 37 degrees

A

So enzymes can work optimally

87
Q

3 responses that happen when we become too hot

A

Vasodilation- Veins closer to surface where they lose heat
Hairs lie flat- So heat is not trapped under them
Sweating- When sweat evaporates heat is lost

88
Q

3 responses that happen when we become too cold

A

Vasoconstriction- Veins away from surface where thy lose heat
Hairs stand on end- Insulating air around th body caused by erector cells
Shivering- Muscles contract rapidly producing heat

89
Q

What is the control of water and minerals in the body called

A

Osmoregulation

90
Q

Why is it important that water levels ouside cells are maintained

A

So they don’t become turgid or plasmitised

91
Q

If the concentration of water outside the cell is higher what type of solution is it and what happens to the cell

A

Hypotonic
Turgid/bursts due to osmosis

92
Q

If the concentration of water outside the cell is lower what type of solution is it and what happens to the cell

A

Hypertonic
Plasmitised due to osmosis

93
Q

How is water lost in the body

A

Sweating, breathing

94
Q

How do we osmoregulate if we don’t have enough water in the body

A

Excess water and minerals are removed from urine by kidneys

95
Q

How does the body store excess protiens and amino acids

A

It can’t

96
Q

Steps the body does to get rid of excess protien (amino acids)

A
  1. Damination of excess amino acids forms ammonia
  2. Ammonia is converted to urea as it is toxic
  3. Liver cells release urea into blood stream
  4. Blood is filtered at kidneys and urea is filtered out
97
Q

How is blood transported to the kidneys

A

Renal artery

98
Q

What is it called when nutrients are absorbed back into the body after entering the nephron

A

Selective reabsorbtion

99
Q

Which substances do not go into the nephron into the first place

A

Blood cells and large proteins because they are too big

100
Q

Which substances are selectively reabsorbed

A

Glucose, salt ions, some water

101
Q

What happens to the substances not selectively reabsorbed

A

Waste products like urea are dissolved in water to form urine, transported along the ureta and stored in bladder

102
Q

How do you treat kidney failure 2 ways

A

Organ transplant
Kidney dialysis

103
Q

How does a kidney dialysis machine work

A
  1. Unfiltered blood taken from body
  2. Blood mixed with anti-coagulants
  3. The blood is pumped into dialysis which separates patients blood from the fluid of the dialysis machine using a partially permeable membrane
  4. The blood flows in opposite direction to dialysis machine to maintain concentration gradient
  5. Glucose and salt ions move from the dialysis fluid into the blood, urea moves from the blood into the fluid by diffusion
  6. Blood is pumped back into body
104
Q

Advantages of kidney dialysis

A

Person with kidney failure can still be healthy
Reduces urea levels in blood
Maintains glucose levels
Allows ions and water to stay in blood

105
Q

Disadvantages of kidney dialysis

A

Expensive
Restrictions on diet
time consuming
Only effective for a limited amount of time
Have to be constantly monitored

106
Q

How does the body control the concentration of water in blood apart from kidneys

A

Hypothalamus gets the pituitary gland to produce ADH

107
Q

How to decrease likelihood of an organ being rejected

A

Match the antigens of the donor with that of the reciever
Immuno-supprestant drugs

108
Q

Advantages of kidney transplant

A

Patients lead a normal lifestyle
Cheaper than dialysis overall

109
Q

Disadvantaged of kidney transplant

A

Shortage of organ donors
Rejection
Infection
Risks, bleeding

110
Q

What is a positive tropism

A

A plant’s movement towards something

111
Q

What is a negative tropism

A

A plant’s movement away from something

112
Q

What is phototropism

A

A plant’s response to light

113
Q

How do plants grow toward light

A

Auxin hormones move to the side away from light
Auxin cause cells to be made rapidly on the shaded side, bending the plant towards light

114
Q

How do plants grow up against gravity

A

Auxins move to the lower side, causing that to grow more, bending the shoot up

115
Q

How do roots grow down

A

Auxins move to the bottom and INHIBIT the plant’s growth at the bottom causing the top to grow more, bending the plant down

116
Q

What does the gibberellin hormone do

A

Starts seed germination

117
Q

What does ethene do in plants

A

Produced in plants as they age
Controlls cell division

118
Q

Practical on the effect of light on the growth of newly germinated seedlings

A

Germinating seeds:
1. Cotton wool in 3 petri dishes
2. 10ml of water to be added
3. 10 seeds in each petri dish
4. Place seeds in warm place to germinate
5. Add water if wool becomes dry

  1. Make sure there is now equal seeds in each petri dish, with non-germinated seeds removed
  2. Place 1 in a dark place like a cuboard, place one in partial light, place one on a windowsill with alot of light
  3. Measure height of seedlings every day for 5 days, measure their full height
  4. Compare heights at the end

Biology (7 decks)

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