Inheritance, Variation and Evolution Flashcards
5 differences between mitosis and meiosis
- Produces 2 identical daughter cells
Produces 4 daughter cells - Daughter cells are genetically identical
Daughter cells are not identical - Cells divide once
Cells divide twice - At the end cells have 46 chromosomes
At the end cells have 23 chromosomes - Used for growth, repair and asexual reproduction
Used for production of gametes for sexual reproduction
Cystic fibrosis
A disorder in cell membranes caused by a reccive allele
What is polydactylyl
Extra fingers or toes caused by dominant allele
What is someones genotype
What alleles they have
Heterozygous
A genotype that has 2 different alleles
Homozygous
A genotype that has 2 of the same alleles
Phenotype
The physical expression of someone’s alleles
How does variation happen
Inherited genes
Conditions of their development
How does natural selection work
Randomly, an animal will mutate to have different genes to their parents.
This could be advantageous meaning they will live longer to reproduce and pass on their mutation to offspring
How to restrict bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics
Make sure a patient fully completes their anti-biotic cycle
Anti-biotics should be used when needed
Agricultural use of antibodies is resricted
How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Randomly a bacterium mutates to become resistant to antibiotics
Antibiotics are used by humans killing all non-resistant bacteria leaving only resistant bacteria
These bacteria that survive reproduce to form the new generation
3 types of things that fossils could be
Actual remains of an organism
Mineralised bone of the animal
Footprints or traces of the organism
Describe how you would selectively breed to get very spotty dogs
- Find 2 spotty dogs and breed them to get the F2 generation
- Breed the F2 generation together to get the F3 generation
- This is because children inherit their genotype and therefore some of their phenotype from both of their parents
How to genetically engineer a bacterium
- Take DNA from human nucleus
Take plasmid from bacterium - Cut desired gene from DNA using enzymes
- Cut out a piece of the plasmid using enzymes
- Gene is inserted into plasmid
- The plasmid is inserted back into the bacterium which multiplies many times
Who made the classification system
Ireane (just kidding)
Linneaus
Name the classification system going down
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Who made the 3 domain addition to the classification system
Woase
Advantages of sexual reproduction
Variation in offspring
Variation can adapt to environment better
Can be used by humans in selective breeding
Advantages of asexual reproduction
Only one parent needed
More energy efficient
Faster than sexual reproduction
Identical copies can be reproduced
2 ways of how to clone a plant
A branch from a parent plant is cut off, lower leaves are removed and is placed in damp compost
Tissue taken from plant and placed in agar jelly, once big enough plant is moved to compost
How do fungi reproduce
Sexually and asexually
2 ways of how to clone an animal
Inseminate a cow artificially with bull sperm
Zygotes develop into embryos
Embryos split into smaller cells which are planted into host mothers to be born
The nucleus is taken from a female’s skin cell, and a nuclues is taken from a different female’s egg cell. The nucleus from the skin cell is put inside the egg cell without the nucleus, forms a zygote which is electrically shocked to start cell division, the now embryo is placed into a surrogette mother where it develops
Why was Darwin’s theory not initially accepted
Religious ideas
Insufficient evidence at the time
No knowledge of genetics at the time
Label a nucleotide
Phosphate
Sugar Base
