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Biology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an abiotic factor and examples

A

The non-living effectors of an environment
Carbon Dioxide, pH, Light, Temperature

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2
Q

What is a biotic factor and example

A

The living effectors of an environment
Predators, competition, food availability, pathogens

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3
Q

Adaptations definition

A

Features of an animal that allow it to survive better in it’s environment

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4
Q

What are the types of adaptations and explain them

A

Structural- Features of an animals body
Behavioral- how the organism behaves
Functional- The ways the processes inside of the organism work

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5
Q

Example of structural, behavioral and functional adaptations

A

Structural- Horns, camouflage
Behavioral- Migration, herd behavior
Functional- Being able to digest food, low metabolism during winter

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6
Q

Who had an idea that opposed Darwin’s and what was that idea

A

Lamarck
He said that throughout its lifetime an animal might use a certain part of its body more for activities, this grows it and is passed onto the next generation

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7
Q

What is Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

Through natural mutation some members of a population gain random adaptations to their environment and live to pass these adaptations onto their offspring. This eventually ends up in the evolution into a different species

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8
Q

What is the source of all energy in a food chain

A

Sun’s radiation

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9
Q

What does an arrow in the food chain mean (not obvs)

A

Flow of energy

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10
Q

What happens to the population of prey and predator over time

A

The increase and decrease in opposite cycles

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11
Q

What is carrion

A

Decaying flesh

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12
Q

What is mutualism

A

When both species benefit from a relationship

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13
Q

What is it called when a parasite only benefits from living off a host

A

Parisitism

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14
Q

What do humans use land for

A

Quarrying, Mining, Agriculture, Landfill

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15
Q

How are peat bogs made

A

The decomposition of living matter over thousands of years

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16
Q

What do humans use peat for

A

Burning, compost

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17
Q

Why is burning peat and trees bad

A

Release their stored carbon into the atmosphere

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18
Q

What is precipitation

A

Condensation of water on the ground

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19
Q

Transpiration

A

The transportation to and loss of water by evaporation fom the leaves

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20
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

When greenhouse gases in the atmosphere reflect the rays of the sun that have reflected off the earth, back onto the earth

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21
Q

What causes global warming

A

Increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (due to human activity) causes more of the sun’s rays to be reflected back onto earth as there is more particles for the rays to bounce off of

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22
Q

What does global warming lead to

A

Melting of ice-caps
Extreme weather patterns
Climate change
Rising sea levels

23
Q

What are quadrats used for

A

Measure the frequency of an organism in a given area

24
Q

How to ensure quadrats are placed randomly

A

Assign the area with co-ordinates
Use a random number generator to pick to x and y co-ordinates

24
Q

How to do a quadrat to measure organisms in an area

A
  1. Randomly place 10 quadrats
  2. Add up all organisms and divide by number of quadrats
  3. Times this by how many times bigger total area is to a quadrat
24
Q

What are transects used to measure

A

Used to measure the change in distrobution of an organism over an area

25
Q

How to set up a transect

A

Place quadrats along regular intervals along the rope

26
Q

Ways carbon dioxide is transferred to atmosphere

A

Respiration by animals, bacteria
Burning of carbon stores and fossil fuels

27
Q

Ways carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere

A

Plants absorb it for photosynthesis

28
Q

Biodiversity

A

Diversity of living beings on an ecosystem

29
Q

Ways biodiversity is maintained

A

Breeding programmes
Conservation projects
Societies
Sustainable farming
Restoration of habitat

30
Q

Decomposition

A

The process of rotting or decay of a material

31
Q

What causes decomposition

A

Micro-organisms aerobically digesting it

32
Q

How to preserve food

A

Canning, Freezing, cooling, pickling, adding salt

33
Q

How is biogas formed

A

Micro-organisms ferment waste material

34
Q

2 types of biogas generator

A

Batch- Loaded in by hand
Continuous- Constantly automatically fed in

35
Q

Biomass

A

Amount of living matter in a given area

36
Q

What does a pyramid of biomass show and look like

A

Shows how much mass is in each trophic level and is bigger at the bottom and gradually gets smaller

37
Q

Pyramid of number shape

A

Usually 1 and the bottom then varies

38
Q

How much biomass is transfered between each trophic level and why

A

10%, Energy lost as respirartio
Some biomass cannot be eaten
Biomass lost in excretion

39
Q

Which types of changes affect the environment

A

Seasonal, geographical, human interaction

40
Q

What are bioindicators and an example

A

Organisms that vary in abundance and distribution depending on the environment and the conditions. Example linchen with pollution

41
Q

What is intensive farming

A

Farming done to maximise effiecency

42
Q

Examples of intensive farming

A

Animals fed high protien foods
GMO
Animal and pkant spaces are heated to remove heat loss

43
Q

How to stop overfishing

A

Size of nets
Aswell as fishing quotas of how many fish can be caught

44
Q

Uses of biotecnology

A

GMO plants
GMO bacteria
Mycoprotien

45
Q

How to make mycoprotein

A

Grow fungus in 40 meter high ferementers for 5 weeks
Fungus is then harvested

46
Q

Uses of GMO

A

Transfer genes from one organism to another
Improve food production
Resistance to certain things

46
Q

Risks of GMO

A

Present a hazard to human health, higher level of toxins or produce allergic reactions

47
Q

What is recombination DNA technology

A

Transfer of genes from one species to another

47
Q

What are the uses of recombination technology

A

Insulin production
Bacteria can use protein

48
Q

What is food security

A

When the entirety of the population has access to enough healthy food.

49
Q

Which factors can affect food security

A

Increasing birth rate
Changing diet
Widespread famine
Drought
Increasing costs
War and conflicts

50
Q

4 trophic levels

A

1 Producers
2 Primary consumers
3 Secondary consumers
4 Tertiary consumers

Biology (7 decks)

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