Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
Give the levels of organisation starting with cell
A
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism
2
Q
Cell definition
A
Basic building blocks of all living things
3
Q
Tissue definition
A
A group of cells with a similar structure and similar function being together
4
Q
Organ definition
A
A combination of tissues carrying out a specific function
5
Q
Organ system definition
A
Organs working together within a system
6
Q
Organism
A
Organ systems work together to form living organisms
7
Q
How do you test for sugar in food
A
Benedict’s reagent
Once heated the blue-green solution would go yellow-red
8
Q
How do you test for starch in food
A
Iodine
Turns a blue black colour if starch is present
9
Q
How do you test for protein in food
A
Biuret
Solution will change from blue to pink purple
10
Q
How do you test for fats (lipids) in foods
A
Sudan III
Lipids separate , top layer turns bright red
11
Q
What is the method for the rate of reaction for amylase
A
- Mark a test tube with the first value of the pH 4 buffer solution and put in test tube rack
- Into each well of the spotting tiles put a drop of iodine
- Measure 2cm3 of amylase using a test tube and pour into the test tube
- Using a syringe put 1cm3 of the buffer solution into the test tube
- Leave this to stand for 5 mins and then use the thermometer to measure the temperature
- Add 2cm3 of starch solution into the test tube and begin a timer
- After 10 seconds use a pipette to extract some of the amylase starch solution and place 1 drop into the first well of the spotting tile
- Every 10 seconds place a drop into the next spotting tile until the iodine remains orange
- Record the time for the starch to be completely digested by the amalyse by counting the wells that tested positive for starch each well represents 10 seconds
- Repeat 1-8 for pH 7 and 10
12
Q
Label the digestive system going down
A
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niddk.nih.gov%2Fhealth-information%2Fdigestive-diseases%2Fdigestive-system-how-it-works&psig=AOvVaw1PQp5T-3Q_tbOJEBnVuXpl&ust=1700491357742000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CBIQjRxqFwoTCJDmv4ym0IIDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
13
Q
What are enzymes
A
Biological catalysts that speed up reactions
14
Q
What happens to enzymes when they speed up a reaction
A
Nothing they are not used up
15
Q
Enzymes are made of
A
Amino acids
16
Q
How do enzymes speed up a reaction
A
Lower activation energy
17
Q
What is the part of an enzyme the substrate fits into called
A
Active site
18
Q
In terms of a reaction what are the substrates
A
The reactants
19
Q
In extreme cases of pH or temperature enzymes will
A
Denature
20
Q
What happens to the active site when enzymes are denatured
A
Becomes deformed
21
Q
Starch + amylase makes
A
Simple sugars (glucose)
22
Q
Which enzyme breaks down proteins to get amino acids
A
Protease
23
Q
Lipids + lipase makes
A
Fatty acids + glycerol
24
Q
Bile is produced in the
A
Liver
25
Bile is stored in the
Gallbladder
26
What does it mean when bile emulsifies fats
Turn fats into small droplets
27
Why does bile emulsify fats
The small fat droplets have a larger surface area so the rate of digestion by lipase is increased
28
Bile does what to stomach acid
Bile is alkaline so neutralises it for conditions in the small intestine to be optimal
29
Respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen -------> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
30
Describe the walls of capillaries
1 cell thick
31
Why are the walls of the capillaries 1 cell thick
Provide a short diffusion pathway to increase the rate of substances transferred
32
Definition of an artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
33
Definition of a vein
A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart
34
Pressure of artery and vein
Artery has high pressure vein has low pressure
35
Which has bigger lumen artery or vein?
Vein
36
How many circulatory systems are there
2
37
Why does pressure of the systemic circuit have to be higher than that of the pulmonary circuit
Because it has to transport blood around the whole body
38
What do the pacemakers in the heart do
Produce electrical impulses which cause surrounding muscle to contract and therefore pump blood around
39
Name the 2 natural pacemakers in the heart and their location
Sino-atrinal node, right atrium
Atrio-ventricular node between ventricles
40
Coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of what causing arteries to be blocked
Fatty deposits
41
Causes of Coronary Heart disease
Diet- Higher cholesterol levels and cholesterol makes up these fatty deposits.
Smoking- Carbon monoxide reduces amount of oxygen that can be transported therefore increasing heart rate and eventually heart attacks
Stress- Leads to increased heart rate and heart attacks
Drugs- Increased heart rate and blood pressure increasing risk of heart disease
Alcohol-leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure
42
What does the plasma do in the blood/ transport
Transports the blood cells
Carbon dioxide
nutrients
urea
hormones
Distributes heat aswell
43
Describe the shape of a red blood cell and why
Biconcave to hold the oxygen and increase surface area
44
What does oxygen bind to to stay on the red blood cell
Haemoglobin
45
Platelets do what
Important in blood clotting factors
46
Describe how blood is pumped around the body
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava. Blood is now pumped through valves to the right ventricle. Blood is now pushed up through the pulmonary artery and the blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen.
The oxygenated blood then travels to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. The blood goes down to the left ventricle and is pumped out of the heart to the rest of the body through the aorta
47
Why does blood only flow in one direction in the body
Valves prevent backflow
48
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped round the body each minute by the heart
49
What is stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped around the body by each heart beat
50
Cardiac output equation
Cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume
51
Properties of a benign tumor
Grows slowly
Grows within a membrane and can be easily removed
Does not grow back
Does not spread around the body
Can cause damage to organs and be life threatening
52
Properties of a malignant tumor
Cancerous
Grows rapidly
Spreads around the body via the blood stream
53
Photosynthesis symbol equation
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
54
2 Reasons why leaves are flat and thin
More surface area to absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight
Reduces the distance for water and gasses to diffuse
55
What do the large spaces in the spongy mesophyll do
Allow diffusion of gases
Carbon Dioxide enters
Oxygen leaves
56
What do guard cells do
Open and close the stomata allowing gas exchange in the leaf
57
How do root hair cells absorb
Water
Minerals
Osmosis
Active transport
58
What do the microscopic projection on root hair cells do (2 reasons)
Increase the surface area so more water and minerals can be absorbed
Squeeze into small spaces between soil particles, reducing the diffusion pathway between water and minerals
59
Describe the cells in the xylem and how they are placed
Dead and lignified (rigid and woody)
Joined end to end, no gaps between
60
What type of system is the xylem involved in
Transpiration system
61
What is a transpiration system
Water is released as vapour from leaves
62
Xylem is found in
Roots, Leaves, Stem
63
What does Xylem also do
Provides structure for the plant
64
Cells in the phloem
Living with small holes in their walls
65
Transpiration
Loss of water by evaporation and diffusion
66
Why is transpiration used
So water from lower down in the plant can move up
67
Name all the environmental impacts of rate of transpiration
Increased Light Intensity
Increased temperature
Increased humidity
Wind speed
Water content in soil
68
Explain light intensity on rate of transpiration
More light intensity causes stomata to open more releasing more water
69
Explain temperature on rate of transpiration
Cause water to evaporate more quickly
70
Explain humidity on rate of transpiration
Reduces transpiration as concentration gradient is decreased due to alot of water being in the air
71
Explain wind speed on rate of transpiration
Increases transpiration as wind constantly pushes water filled air away maintaining a concentration gradient
72
Explain water content in soil on rate of transpiration
Rate of absorbtion in roots decrease
Stomata becomes flaccid and closed
Reducing transpiration
73
What can immune disorders lead to
increased risk of infectious disease
74
What can viral infection of cells lead to
increased risk of cancer
75
What can immune reactions lead to
Allergies
76
What can very poor physical health lead to
Depression or other mental illness
77
Name all 3 treatments for heart disease
Statins
Stent
Heart transplant
78
Statins are
Drug lowering chloesterol in blood by reducing the amount produced in the liver
79
Stents are
Mechanical device used to stretch blocked arteries to allow blood flow
80
Heart transplants are
The entire heart is replaced by one of an organ donor
81
Statins advantages and disadvantages
Used to prevent heart disease
Improved quality of life
Long-term treatment
Possible negative side effects
82
Stents advantages and disadvantages
Used where drugs are less effective
Long-term benefits
Can't be rejected by patients body
Improved quality of life
Requires surgery which could cause infection
83
Heart transplants advantages and disadvantages
Treat complete heart failure
Extened life
Improved quality of life
Artificial plastic hearts can be used temporarily until a heart is found
Requires major risky surgery
Long recovery time
Lack of donors
Risk of rejection or infection
