Cell biology Flashcards by Alexander Smyth

Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control variable

What you change
What you measure
What you keep the same

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Parts of a microscope

Eye Piece
Arm
Objective lens
Stage
Stage clips
Focusing clips
Base

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Potato put into a sugar solution compared to pure water and what happens to mass

In the sugar solution the water in the potato will move out of the potato due to osmosis mass decreases. In a pure water solution water goes into the potato due to osmosis mass increases.

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Culturing microorganisms in the lab

Use agar jelly which has nutrients in to grow bacteria. Use inoculating loop to place bacteria on agar jelly. Bacteria grows in colonies on agar jelly. Kept at 25 degrees to stop growth of harmful bacteria

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Investigating the effect of antibiotics on bacterial growth

Place paper disks that have been soaked with different antibiotics in an agar plate that has bacteria on it. Antibiotics diffuse into agar. The most effective antibiotics will have the largest inhibition zone. Use a control disk that has sterile water on it. Leave in incubator for 48 hours at 25 degrees

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Sperm cell adaptation and function

Lots of mitochondria for energy to move and streamlined
To get the DNA to the egg cell (female DNA)

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Nerve cell adaptation and function

Long to cover more distance has lots of branches to connect in a network
To send electrical impulses around the body

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Muscle cell adaptation and function

Long and contain lots of mitochondria for energy
To contract quickly for movement

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Root hair adaptation and function

Large surface area to absorb water
To absorb water and minerals from the soil

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Phloem adaptation and function

Pores allow cell sap to flow around the plant. Cells are long and join end to end
Transports sugars, sap and substances around the plant

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Xylem adaptation and function

Hollow in the center tubes are joined end to end
Transports water through the plant

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Image size equation (microscopes)

Image size= Magnification x real size

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Prokaryotic cells

Cells that do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

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Eukaryotic Cell

Cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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Plant cell organelles

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Permanent Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Chloroplasts

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Animal cell organelles

Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

Bacterial cell organelles

Cell wall
Free-floating DNA
Plasmid- circular piece of DNA
Flagellum- tail

How many pairs chromosomes does an average human have

Chromosomes are

A double helix of DNA contain a lot of genes

Embryonic stem cells

Undifferentiated cells from embryos that can turn into any type of cell

Where are adult stem cells found and their property

Found in bone marrow can turn into certain types of cell e.g blood cell

Reasons FOR stem cell research

Curing patients is more important than the rights of embryos
They are unwanted embryos from fertility clinics that would be otherwise destroyed

Stem cell uses

Replacing faulty blood cells
Making insulin producing cells
Making nerve cells

Stem cells in plants are found

Meristem

What can you do with stem cells from a plant

Produce clones of the plant, grow plants with specific features for a farmer e.g. disease resistant

Gas exchange in lungs adaptation

Alveoli have a large surface are and have a constant good blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient

How are villi adapted for absorbtion

Millions of villi and microvilli on top of them line the small intestine for increased surface area One cell thick outside Constant blood supply

How are leaves adapted for diffusion

The surface of the leaf is flattened to increase the surface are of the leaf Oxygen and water vapor diffuses out of the stomata Guard cells open and close the stomata controlling water loss

Diffusion is?

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a concentration gradient

What is the word to describe how the cell membrane allows small particles through

Semi-permeable

Osmosis

Movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

How breathing works for fish

Water enters the fish through the mouth, oxygen is transported to the blood through diffusion, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the water.

How are gills adapted

Gill filaments increase the surface area of the gills Lamellae also increase surface area Thin surface area Capillaries