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geography > PAPER 2: CASE STUDIES > Flashcards

PAPER 2: CASE STUDIES Flashcards

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1
Q

Lagos: Regional importance

A

schools and universities (e.g. University of Lagos)

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2
Q

Lagos: National importance

A

generates 25% of Nigeria’s GDP

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3
Q

Lagos: International importance

A

Apapa port is the 5th busiest in West Africa

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4
Q

Lagos S opps: Education

A

-Yaba College of Technology for 16,000 students
-floating school

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5
Q

Lagos S opps: access to water

A

-wells, boreholes, street vendors
-Lagos Water Corporation supplies 12 million with drinking water

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6
Q

Lagos S opps: energy

A

-only 60% have access
-80% rely on diesel generators
-“Future Proofing Lagos Energy Sector” (project to provide 100% access to energy)

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7
Q

Lagos E opps:

A

-Ikeja district (growth of commercial and industrial zones, international airport)

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8
Q

Lagos challenges: urban growth

A

-70% Lagos in squatter settlements
-overcrowding (due to high building density)
-Makoko (polluted, 250000 residents, lack of basic infrastructure)

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9
Q

Lagos challenges: sanitation

A

-boreholes often contaminated
-only 10% have access to safe and piped water
-pit latrines leak sewage into soil and rivers

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10
Q

Lagos challenges: access to healthcare

A

-many contagious diseases (malaria, cholera)
-healthcare not often free

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11
Q

Lagos challenges: access to education

A

-mostly private
-many children need to work for their family

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12
Q

Lagos challenges: unemployment

A

-37%
-many work in informal sector, 40% (e.g. Olusosun rubbish dump)

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13
Q

Lagos challenges: crime

A

-vandalism, theft, drugs
-gangs (e.g. Area Boys)

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14
Q

Lagos challenges: waste disposal

A

-only 13% recycled
-only 40% of waste is collected, rest is dumped in landfill

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15
Q

Lagos challenges: pollution

A

-water and air
-unregulated vehicles
-5 x higher than recommended limit

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16
Q

Lagos challenges: congestion

A

-average commuter spends 3 hours in traffic

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17
Q

Lagos: congestion schemes

A

-bus rapid transport system (transports 200,000 commuters a day)
-new light railway
-danfos (minibus taxis)
-Strategic Transport Master Plan (integrated system, new airport on Lekki peninsula, more efficient roads)

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18
Q

Lagos: urban planning scheme

A

Eko Atlantic

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19
Q

Eko Atlantic: opportunities

A

-250,000 inhabitants
-150,000 jobs
-reduces coastal erosion
-improved safety (private guards, increased street lighting)

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20
Q

Eko Atlantic: challenges

A

-not really suitable for urban poor BUT could stimulate positive multiplier effect

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21
Q

London: National importance

A

39% of UK’s GDP

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22
Q

London: International importance

A

-global transport hub
-30 million tourists annually

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23
Q

London SE opps: cultural mix

A

41% population born outside UK (most diverse city in UK)

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24
Q

London SE opps: entertainment

A

-West End
-museums
-tourist attractions (London Eye etc.)

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25
Q

London SE opps: transport

A

-integrated system (overground, crossrail, bus network, cycle paths)

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26
Q

London SE challenges: inequalities

A

-80% unemployed in Newham (only 4% in Kensington and Chelsea)
-60% children in Camden live in households with poor housing

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27
Q

London E challenges: waste

A

25% waste in landfill

28
Q

East Village: economic opps

A

-£9 bill investment
-9 rail lines (improved infrastructure)
-1200 homes
-Westfield shopping centre
-18,000 new jobs
-Here East (7000 jobs, BT sport etc.)

29
Q

East Village: social opps

A

-education (UCL campus)
-entertainment (West Ham Stadium)
-sports (Velodrome, hockey centre)

30
Q

East Village: environmental opps

A

-8300 trees planted
-grey water
-copper box 60% recycled materials
-River Lee been rewilded

31
Q

Tunisia: reasons for tourism

A

-Mediterranean climate
-7 world heritage sites
-beaches, mountains, Sahara Desert
-cheap package holidays (e.g. Thomas Cook)

32
Q

Tunisia: how does it reduce the development gap

A

-positive multiplier effect
-increased education rates
-one of wealthiest African countries (increased LE, literacy rates)

33
Q

Tunisia: challenges

A

-pollution, use of resources (e.g. water)
-leakage of profits
-terrorism (2015)
-overcrowding (tourism kills tourism)
-jobs mainly based along coast

34
Q

Nigeria: Regional importance

A

The Nigerian Film Industry (Nollywood, second largest in world)

35
Q

Nigeria: Global importance

A

supplies 2.7% of world’s oil

36
Q

Nigeria: political context

A

-gained independence from UK 1960
-stable democratic gov 1998

37
Q

Nigeria: cultural context

A

-500 ethnic groups
-successful Nigerian football team

38
Q

Nigeria: landscapes

A

-South is Tropical Rainforest and Mangroves (oil palm crops)
-North is Savanna

39
Q

Nigeria: social context

A

-youthful pop
-large variation in living standards

40
Q

Nigeria: balance in economy

A

-37% decrease in agriculture in last 30 years
-27% increase in services in last 30 years
-half of money is earned through services
-GDP increased by $450 billion in 10 years

41
Q

Nigeria: growing industries

A

-Nollywood
-manufacturing (textiles, processed food)

42
Q

Nigeria manufacturing: cash crops examples

A

Palm Oil

43
Q

Nigeria manufacturing: Lekki Free Trade Zone

A

-attracts other industries
-10,000 jobs created
-positive multiplier effect (taxes from wages help development)

44
Q

Nigeria manufacturing: Dangote Cement

A

-13 countries
-increase in formal jobs
-increase in investments from TNCs

44
Q

TNCs: advantages

A

-investment
-jobs
-skills
-new tech
-international links
(all stimulate positive multiplier effect)

44
Q

TNCs: disadvantages

A

-leakage profits
-environmental damage
-poor working conditions

45
Q

TNC example

A

Shell Oil

46
Q

Shell: economic opps

A

-250,000 employed indirectly
-91% contractors used are Nigerian firms
-increased GDP by 10 x since 2000

47
Q

Shell: challenges

A

-oil spills (500 mil gallons in Niger Delta)
-human rights abuse (against Ogoni people in Niger Delta)
-toxic fumes pollute air
-beholds power over gov

48
Q

Nigeria: trading relationships

A

-50% exports to EU and UK
-American TNCs investing (Walmart, Microsoft)

49
Q

Nigeria: large scale aid (Top Down)

A

The World Bank
-$560 mil for irrigation and drainage schemes
-increase food production, improve fishing and framing

50
Q

Nigeria: small scale aid (Bottom Up)

A

Christian Aid
-Kaduna state
-15,000 nets given out
-increase by 90% people seeking healthcare

51
Q

Nigeria: emergency aid/ short term

A

UN agencies
-UN world food providd food to 400,000 people

52
Q

Nigeria: long term/ development aid

A

UK gov
-£305 mil to help achieve MDGs (development goals)

53
Q

Nigeria: conditional/ tied aid

A

China
-supplied weapons and tech
-Nigeria must import cheap Chinese goods in return

54
Q

Nigeria envrion challenges: mining

A

-polluting rivers with toxic chemicals
-oil spills

55
Q

Nigeria envrion challenges: industrial growth

A

-polluted water
-drainage systems polluted (impacts ecosystems)

56
Q

Nigeria environ challenges: urban development

A

-squatter settlements with not infrastructure (poor waste disposal, sewage and waste enters environment)
-traffic congestion
-illegal logging (destroys 70-80% Nigeria’s forests)

57
Q

Nigeria: improvement to quality of life

A

-HDI improved
-life expectancy increased by 9 in 40 years
-mortality rates decreased by 9.6%

58
Q

Nigeria: continued challenges on quality of life

A

-North less developed than South
-huge economic inequality (richest Nigerian makes enough income to save 2 million from poverty)
-10,000 illegal scale industries
-lack of housing, still squatter settlements

59
Q

Torr Quarry: opportunities

A

-over 100 jobs
-£15 mil annually to local economy
-200 acres land restored
-air and noise pollution monitored

60
Q

Almeria: advantages

A

-less water used (due to irrigation and hydroponics methods)
-low energy cost (due to warm climate)
-cheap workers
-provided fruit and veg all year round
-positive multiplier effect

61
Q

Almeria: disadvantages

A

-immigrant workers receive poor pay and live in poor conditions
-increase in plastic, more land pollution
-aquifers are drying up
-immigrant workers work illegally

61
Q

Jamalpur: opps

A

-increase rice yields by 10%
-involves local people
-improves diet (higher in protein)

62
Q

Jamalpur: what is it

A

-Practical Action charity
-rice-fish agriculture
-fish provide source of fertiliser and eats insects and pests in crops

geography (16 decks)

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