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geography > PAPER 2: CASE STUDIES > Flashcards

PAPER 2: CASE STUDIES Flashcards

1
Q

Lagos: Regional importance

A

schools and universities (e.g. University of Lagos)

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2
Q

Lagos: National importance

A

generates 25% of Nigeria’s GDP

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3
Q

Lagos: International importance

A

Apapa port is the 5th busiest in West Africa

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4
Q

Lagos S opps: Education

A

-Yaba College of Technology for 16,000 students
-floating school

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5
Q

Lagos S opps: access to water

A

-wells, boreholes, street vendors
-Lagos Water Corporation supplies 12 million with drinking water

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6
Q

Lagos S opps: energy

A

-only 60% have access
-80% rely on diesel generators
-“Future Proofing Lagos Energy Sector” (project to provide 100% access to energy)

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7
Q

Lagos E opps:

A

-Ikeja district (growth of commercial and industrial zones, international airport)

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8
Q

Lagos challenges: urban growth

A

-70% Lagos in squatter settlements
-overcrowding (due to high building density)
-Makoko (polluted, 250000 residents, lack of basic infrastructure)

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9
Q

Lagos challenges: sanitation

A

-boreholes often contaminated
-only 10% have access to safe and piped water
-pit latrines leak sewage into soil and rivers

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10
Q

Lagos challenges: access to healthcare

A

-many contagious diseases (malaria, cholera)
-healthcare not often free

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11
Q

Lagos challenges: access to education

A

-mostly private
-many children need to work for their family

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12
Q

Lagos challenges: unemployment

A

-37%
-many work in informal sector, 40% (e.g. Olusosun rubbish dump)

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13
Q

Lagos challenges: crime

A

-vandalism, theft, drugs
-gangs (e.g. Area Boys)

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14
Q

Lagos challenges: waste disposal

A

-only 13% recycled
-only 40% of waste is collected, rest is dumped in landfill

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15
Q

Lagos challenges: pollution

A

-water and air
-unregulated vehicles
-5 x higher than recommended limit

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16
Q

Lagos challenges: congestion

A

-average commuter spends 3 hours in traffic

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17
Q

Lagos: congestion schemes

A

-bus rapid transport system (transports 200,000 commuters a day)
-new light railway
-danfos (minibus taxis)
-Strategic Transport Master Plan (integrated system, new airport on Lekki peninsula, more efficient roads)

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18
Q

Lagos: urban planning scheme

A

Eko Atlantic

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19
Q

Eko Atlantic: opportunities

A

-250,000 inhabitants
-150,000 jobs
-reduces coastal erosion
-improved safety (private guards, increased street lighting)

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20
Q

Eko Atlantic: challenges

A

-not really suitable for urban poor BUT could stimulate positive multiplier effect

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21
Q

London: National importance

A

39% of UK’s GDP

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22
Q

London: International importance

A

-global transport hub
-30 million tourists annually

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23
Q

London SE opps: cultural mix

A

41% population born outside UK (most diverse city in UK)

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24
Q

London SE opps: entertainment

A

-West End
-museums
-tourist attractions (London Eye etc.)

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25
London SE opps: transport
-integrated system (overground, crossrail, bus network, cycle paths)
26
London SE challenges: inequalities
-80% unemployed in Newham (only 4% in Kensington and Chelsea) -60% children in Camden live in households with poor housing
27
London E challenges: waste
25% waste in landfill
28
East Village: economic opps
-£9 bill investment -9 rail lines (improved infrastructure) -1200 homes -Westfield shopping centre -18,000 new jobs -Here East (7000 jobs, BT sport etc.)
29
East Village: social opps
-education (UCL campus) -entertainment (West Ham Stadium) -sports (Velodrome, hockey centre)
30
East Village: environmental opps
-8300 trees planted -grey water -copper box 60% recycled materials -River Lee been rewilded
31
Tunisia: reasons for tourism
-Mediterranean climate -7 world heritage sites -beaches, mountains, Sahara Desert -cheap package holidays (e.g. Thomas Cook)
32
Tunisia: how does it reduce the development gap
-positive multiplier effect -increased education rates -one of wealthiest African countries (increased LE, literacy rates)
33
Tunisia: challenges
-pollution, use of resources (e.g. water) -leakage of profits -terrorism (2015) -overcrowding (tourism kills tourism) -jobs mainly based along coast
34
Nigeria: Regional importance
The Nigerian Film Industry (Nollywood, second largest in world)
35
Nigeria: Global importance
supplies 2.7% of world's oil
36
Nigeria: political context
-gained independence from UK 1960 -stable democratic gov 1998
37
Nigeria: cultural context
-500 ethnic groups -successful Nigerian football team
38
Nigeria: landscapes
-South is Tropical Rainforest and Mangroves (oil palm crops) -North is Savanna
39
Nigeria: social context
-youthful pop -large variation in living standards
40
Nigeria: balance in economy
-37% decrease in agriculture in last 30 years -27% increase in services in last 30 years -half of money is earned through services -GDP increased by $450 billion in 10 years
41
Nigeria: growing industries
-Nollywood -manufacturing (textiles, processed food)
42
Nigeria manufacturing: cash crops examples
Palm Oil
43
Nigeria manufacturing: Lekki Free Trade Zone
-attracts other industries -10,000 jobs created -positive multiplier effect (taxes from wages help development)
44
Nigeria manufacturing: Dangote Cement
-13 countries -increase in formal jobs -increase in investments from TNCs
44
TNCs: advantages
-investment -jobs -skills -new tech -international links (all stimulate positive multiplier effect)
44
TNCs: disadvantages
-leakage profits -environmental damage -poor working conditions
45
TNC example
Shell Oil
46
Shell: economic opps
-250,000 employed indirectly -91% contractors used are Nigerian firms -increased GDP by 10 x since 2000
47
Shell: challenges
-oil spills (500 mil gallons in Niger Delta) -human rights abuse (against Ogoni people in Niger Delta) -toxic fumes pollute air -beholds power over gov
48
Nigeria: trading relationships
-50% exports to EU and UK -American TNCs investing (Walmart, Microsoft)
49
Nigeria: large scale aid (Top Down)
The World Bank -$560 mil for irrigation and drainage schemes -increase food production, improve fishing and framing
50
Nigeria: small scale aid (Bottom Up)
Christian Aid -Kaduna state -15,000 nets given out -increase by 90% people seeking healthcare
51
Nigeria: emergency aid/ short term
UN agencies -UN world food providd food to 400,000 people
52
Nigeria: long term/ development aid
UK gov -£305 mil to help achieve MDGs (development goals)
53
Nigeria: conditional/ tied aid
China -supplied weapons and tech -Nigeria must import cheap Chinese goods in return
54
Nigeria envrion challenges: mining
-polluting rivers with toxic chemicals -oil spills
55
Nigeria envrion challenges: industrial growth
-polluted water -drainage systems polluted (impacts ecosystems)
56
Nigeria environ challenges: urban development
-squatter settlements with not infrastructure (poor waste disposal, sewage and waste enters environment) -traffic congestion -illegal logging (destroys 70-80% Nigeria's forests)
57
Nigeria: improvement to quality of life
-HDI improved -life expectancy increased by 9 in 40 years -mortality rates decreased by 9.6%
58
Nigeria: continued challenges on quality of life
-North less developed than South -huge economic inequality (richest Nigerian makes enough income to save 2 million from poverty) -10,000 illegal scale industries -lack of housing, still squatter settlements
59
Torr Quarry: opportunities
-over 100 jobs -£15 mil annually to local economy -200 acres land restored -air and noise pollution monitored
60
Almeria: advantages
-less water used (due to irrigation and hydroponics methods) -low energy cost (due to warm climate) -cheap workers -provided fruit and veg all year round -positive multiplier effect
61
Almeria: disadvantages
-immigrant workers receive poor pay and live in poor conditions -increase in plastic, more land pollution -aquifers are drying up -immigrant workers work illegally
61
Jamalpur: opps
-increase rice yields by 10% -involves local people -improves diet (higher in protein)
62
Jamalpur: what is it
-Practical Action charity -rice-fish agriculture -fish provide source of fertiliser and eats insects and pests in crops

geography (16 decks)

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