PAPER 1: CASE STUDIES Flashcards by ella bates

HIC vs LIC earthquakes

L’Aquila, Italy (HIC)
Gorkha, Nepal (LIC)

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L’Aquila: Richter scale

6.3

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L’Aquila: deaths (PE)

309

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L’Aquila: How many homeless? (PE)

over 4000

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L’Aquila: How many sheltered at hotels?

10,000

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L’Aquila: What did they do in 2020 to reduce economic impacts?

no taxes

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L’Aquila: when?

2009

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L’Aquila: What blocked roads and reduced access? (SE)

landslides

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Gorkha: Richter scale

7.8

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Gorkha: deaths (PE)

9000

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Gorkha: How many homeless? (PE)

1 million

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Gorkha: How many people did landslides and avalanches kill on Mount Everest?

19 people

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Gorkha: How many tents?

500,000

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Gorkha: What organisation provided aid?

Oxfam Emergency Aid

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Gorkha: How much aid in $?

$274 million

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Gorkha: 1 organisation who provided medical supplies

UN or WHO

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Tropical storm example

Typhoon Haiyan 2013

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Typhoon Haiyan: category on Saffir-Simpson scale

cat 5 (max)

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Typhoon Haiyan: How big was the storm surge?

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Typhoon Haiyan: How much rainfall?

400mm

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Typhoon Haiyan: 2 long term responses

-‘cash for work’ schemes
-no build zone

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Typhoon Haiyan: 3 primary effects

-6190 died
-800,000 litres of oil leaked
-1.1 million crops destroyed

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Typhoon Haiyan: One social secondary effect

4.1 million homeless

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Typhoon Haiyan: 2 immediate responses

-1200 evacuation centres
-250,000 litres of water distributed

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6 causes of deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

1. farming 2. logging 3. road building 4. mineral extraction 5. energy 6. population growth

Deforestation: Farming - what is farmed?

-cattle ranching accounts for 80% of deforestation -soybeans, palm oil

Deforestation: Logging - what woods are logged?

-teak -mahogany

Deforestation: Road building - one example

Trans-Amazonian highway

Deforestation: Mineral Extraction - 2 examples + specific mine

-copper, gold -Carajas (iron ore mine)

Deforestation: Energy - HEP station example

Belo Monte Dam

4 social opportunities of rainforests

-medicines (25% from rainforests) -energy (HEP) -resources (bananas, sugar) -employment

3 environmental opportunities of rainforests

-water (20% earth's freshwater) -biodiversity (50% world's plants and animals) -climate (trees C sinks)

5 ways to sustainably manage rainforests

1. international agreements 2. debt reduction 3. ecotourism 4. selective logging and replanting 5. conservation and education

Sustainable Management: One international agreement example

International tropical timber agreement 2006

Sustainable Management: One debt reduction example

£13.5 mil USA to Brazil (DEBT FOR NATURE SWAPS)

4 opportunities in the Western Desert

1. energy 2. minerals 3. tourism 4. farming

WD opportunities: Energy - 2 examples

-Hoover Dam (HEP - Lake Mead) -Sonoran Solar Project (solar energy)

WD opportunities: Tourism - 2 examples

-Las Vegas (31 mil visitors annually) -National Parks, e.g. Grand Canyon

WD opportunities: Farming - example

Coachella Valley

3 WD challenges

1. extreme temps 2. lack of water supply 3. inaccessible

WD challenges: How do houses manage extreme temps of 50C?

thick earth walls, white washed walls

WD challenges: Why is there a high water demand and how do they transfer water?

near Phoenix (golf courses, farms, homes) - transfer from Colorado river

WD challenges: 2 new roads build to combat inaccessibility

-Route 66 -Route 70

6 causes of desertification

1. pop growth 2. climate change 3. deforestation 4. overgrazing 5. over cultivation 6. soil erosion

Sahel: Pop growth - how many live there?

over 200 million

Sahel: Soil erosion - how does it cause desertification?

washes away top soil - leaves infertile sub-soil

2 solutions to desertification

1. afforestation 2. appropriate/ intermediate tech

Solutions to Sahel: Afforestation scheme example

The Great Green Wall in Africa - 15% complete

Solutions to Sahel: 2 examples

-bunds -fuel efficient stoves (reduces fuelwood + deforestation)

Solutions to Sahel: 1 charity supporting

Practical Action

Flood relief channel example

Jubilee River, Windsor

Jubilee River: How much did it cost?

£110 million

Jubilee River: How many homes protected?

3200

Jubilee River: How much does it cost to repair after flooding?

£680,000

4 economic activities in the lake district

1. quarrying 2. forestry 3. farming 4. tourism

Lake District: Quarrying - 2 examples and how many active quarries?

-13 active quarries -slate, limestone

Lake District: Forestry - what wood does Ennerdale produce?

timber

Lake District: Tourism - 3 opportunities created

-£1.4 billion annually -18,565 jobs created -18 million tourists annually

Lake District: Tourism - 2 challenges

-55% home are rental -90% tourists travel by car

Lake District: Solutions to tourism - 2 examples

-Ambleside: transport hub, controlled parking zones -Cat Bells: resurfacing footpaths with boulders