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iGCSE PE > Paper 1 Topic 1 (Y10) > Flashcards

Paper 1 Topic 1 (Y10) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Protection
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
Joints for movement
Muscle attachment

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2
Q

Protection

A

The skeleton provides protection for vital organs including your heart and vital organs

E.g. If you get hit on the head in hockey your skull will protect your brain

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3
Q

Blood cell production

A

-Blood cells are produced in bona marrow
-Platelets help blood to Clot
-Red blood cells transport oxygen to working muscles
-White blood cells help fight infection

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4
Q

Mineral Storage

A

Bones store calcium and phosphorus, two minerals that are vital for developing and maintaining strong and healthy bones

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5
Q

Joints for movement

A

-Joints are where two or more bones meet
-Joints let the body make a variety of movements
-This can be ‘fine’(such as holding a pen) or ‘gross’ (such as throwing a javelin)

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6
Q

Muscle attachment

A

Muscles attach to bones via tendons. When the muscle contracts it pulls the bone causing movement.

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7
Q

Classification of bones

A

-Long bones
-Short bones
-Flat bones
-Irregular bones

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8
Q

Long bones

A

-Long bones aid movement by working as levers
-Examples: Humerous and femur
-Sport Example: They act as a lever to kick a football

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9
Q

Short bones

A

-Short bones are associated with weight bearing and provide support
-Example: Carpals and tarsals
-Sport example: Supporting the body weight in a handstand

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10
Q

Flat bones

A

-Flat bones provide protection and have a large surface area for mucles to attach to
-Examples: Ribs and sternum
-Sport example: The cranium protects the brain if hit by a cricket ball

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11
Q

Irregular bones

A

-Irregular bones provide protection and allow muscle to attach
-Example: Vertebrae
-Sport example: The muscles attach to the vertebrae allowing a hockey player to bend down for the ball

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12
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint is where 2 or more bones meet. Joints allow movement. We need to know about the following types of joints.

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13
Q

Hinge Joint

A

-Located in the elbow, knee and ankle
-Movement: Flexion and extension, dorsi-flexion and plantar-flexion (pointing with the toes)

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14
Q

Ball and socket joints

A

-Located in hip and shoulder
-Movement: Rotation, extension, flexion, abduction, adduction

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15
Q

Pivot joints

A

Located in Neck
Movement: Rotation

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16
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Located in wrist
Movement: Extension, flexion, circumduction

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17
Q

Flexion

A

When the angle at a joint decreases
Flexion occurs at hinge, ball and socket and condyloid
Sporting example: Bending the knee back in preparation to kick a football

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18
Q

Extension

A

When the angle at a joint increases
Extension occurs at aa hinge ball and socket and condyloid joints
Sporting example: At the knee when following through after kicking a football

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19
Q

Adduction

A

The movement of a limb towards from the middle of the body (your ADDING a body part to your body)

Adduction occurs at ball and socket joints

Sporting example: When moving the arms and legs towards the body during a star jump

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20
Q

Abduction

A

The movement of a limb Away from the middle of the body

Abduction occurs at ball and socket joints

Sporting example: When reaching out sideways to intercept a basketabll pass

21
Q

Rotation

A

When the bone at a joint moves around its own axis, so making a circular movement

Rotation occurs at ball and socket joints

Sporting example: At the shoulder when swimming front crawl.

22
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement in the shape of a cone. Allows 360 degree movement

Circumduction occurs at ball and socket joints

Sporting example: at the shoulder when swimming butterfly

23
Q

Plantar-flexion

A

The movement of Pointing the toes Plantar-flexion occurs at hinge Joints (ankle)

Sporting example: When a ballet dancer is on their toes

24
Q

Dorsi-Flexion

A

The movement of lifting the toes towards the shin Dorsi-flexion occurs at hinge joints (ankle)

Sporting example: When a hurdler lifts the leg to clear the barrier

25
Q

Ligaments

A

-Attach bone to bone
-Keep joint stable
-Prevents unwanted movement that might cause injury (e.g.: dislocation)
-Very common injury in team sports

26
Q

Tendons

A

-Attach muscle to bone
-Hold the muscle to the bone, so that when the muscle contracts, this can pull on the bone causing movement
-When warming up and stretching –> ligamentsand tendons are important to avoid injury.

27
Q

Types of muscle

A

-Cardiac
-Voluntary
-Involuntary

28
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Forms the heart
Cardiac muscle is unconsiously controlled- we do not have to think to make it contract
The cardiac muscle in the heart contracts to pump blood around the body

29
Q

Voluntary or skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary muscles are the skeletal muscles that attach via tendons to the
skeleton to allow movement

Voluntary muscles are under consious control – we move them when we
want to

For example the biceps contract when we perform a bicep curl

30
Q

Involuntary or smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscles are found in the organs of the digestive system, circulatory system and urinary system

They contract slowly and rhythmically and are unconsiously controlled – they contract automatically when required by the body

For example involuntary muscles in the blood vessels help regulate blood flow

31
Q

Deltoid

A

Location: Top of the shoulder

Role: Abducts arm at the shoulder

Example: Lifting your arms above your head to block the ball in volleyball

32
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Location: Side of the back

Role: Adducts the upper arm at the shoulder

Example: Butterfly in swimming

33
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Location: Front of the upper chest

Role: Abducts arm at the shoulder

Example: Follow through from a forehand in tennis

34
Q

External obliques

A

Location: Between lower ribs and abdomen

Role: Rotates the trunk and helps pull the chest down

Example: Rotating the trunk when throwing the javelin

35
Q

Biceps

A

Location: Front of the upper arm

Role: Flexion of the arm at the elbow

Example: Upwards pase of a biceps curl

36
Q

Triceps

A

Location: Back of the upper arm

Role: Extension of the arm at the elbow

Example: Straightening the arms during a chest press

37
Q

Quadriceps

A

Location: Front of the upper leg

Role: Extension of the leg at the knee

Example: Straightening the leg when kicking a ball

38
Q

Hamstring

A

Location: Back of the upper leg

Role: Flexion of the leg at the knee

Example: Bending the leg going over a hurdle

39
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Location: Back of the lower leg

Role: Plantar-flexion at the ankle

Example: Pointing your tip-toes in ballet

40
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

Location: Front of the lower leg

Role: Dorsi flexion at the ankle

Example: Bringing the toes up when doing ski jumping

41
Q

Hip flexors

A

Location: Very top of the upper leg

Role: Flexion at the leg at the hip

Example: Lifting your knees high during sprinting

42
Q

Gluteus Maximus

A

Location: Buttocks

Role: Extension of the leg at the hip

Example: Lifting your legs back when running

43
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A

A pair of muscles that when one contracts (known as the agonist) the other muscle relaxes (known as the antagonist)

44
Q

vertebral column order (top to bottom)

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

45
Q

Types of muscle fibre:

A

-Slow twitch - type I
-Fast twitch - type IIa
-Fast twitch - type IIx

46
Q

Slow twitch - type I

A

-Low force
-Slow speed of contraction
-High endurance
-Good for activities to keep going without tiring
-Do not produce much power

47
Q

Fast twitch - type IIa

A

-Produce high force
-Moderate speed of contraction
-Medium endurance
-More resistance to fatigue than type IIx
-Not as powerful as type IIx or as resistance to fatigue than type IIa

48
Q

Fast twitch - type IIx

A

-Very high force
-High speed of contraction
-Low endurance
-Good for explosive actions requiring strength and speed
-Only produce power for a short period of time before getting fatigued

49
Q

Skeletar and muscular system together

A

-The skeletal muscular connect to bones and work with conectives tissues to allow movement
-The main purpose is to provide movement
-They can also provide good posture, stability and protection

iGCSE PE (10 decks)

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