Paper 1 Topic 1 & 2(Y11) Flashcards
FUNCTIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
-Transport oxygen
-Transport carbon dioxide
-Transport nutrients
-Clotting of open wounds
Transport oxygen
The cardiovascular system transports oxygen around the body in the blood.
It carries oxygen to the muscles and vital organs.
Oxygen is needed in energy production for activity
Transport carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a by-product energy production.
The cardiovascular system takes carbon dioxide away from muscles
Transport nutrients
Nutrients are broken down from the food we eat.
The cardiovascular system transports these nutrients to the body through the blood.
Clotting of open wounds
Platalets that are transported in the blood help clot wounds
It is needed so you can keep playing if you have cut yourself
Tricuspid valve
Is on the RIGHT side of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid valve
Is on the LEFT side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar valves
Are between the ventricles and pulmonary artery and vein.
These valves help the blood moving foward by shutting behind the blood that has passed through preventing backflow.
Vena Cava
RIGHT. Is the main vein bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen.
Pulmonary artery (right)
Receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to take blood AWAY to the lungs to receive oxygen
Aorta
(LEFT) Is the main artery and carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to the working muscles
Pulmonary vein
Left. Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs IN to the left atrium
Right atrium
recieves deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava
Left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
Right ventricle
receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve
Left ventricle
recieves oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the bicuspid valve
Septum
is the wall that seperates the left and right sides of the heart
Blood vessels:
-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries
Arteries (structure)
-Thin muscular elastic walls
-Small internal diameter (lumen)
Arteries (function)
-Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
-Mainly carries oxygenated blood
Arteries in physical activity
They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, sending it around your body to the muscles that need oxygen to contract.
Veins (structure)
-Thin walls
-Large internal lumen
-Contain valves
Veins (functions)
-Carry blood at low pressure IN to the heart
-Main carries deoxygenated blos
Veins in physical cativity
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart for it to be re-oxygenated, ready for releasing energy
Capillaries (structure)
-Very thin walls (only one cell thick)
-Small internal diameter (lumen)
Capillaries (functions)
-Link smaller arteries to smaller veins
-Carry blood at a very low pressure
Capillaries revelance to physical activity
Allow gaseous exchange. Walls are very thin to allow gases and nutrients to pass through them, therefore getting oxygen to the muscles and remove carbon dioxide
Plasma
-Plasma is the liquid part of blood
-Plasma transports blood cells, platelets and nutrients to different parts of the body
-This is important in physical activity because it carries oxygen to the working muscles and carries carbon dioxide away.
Platalets
- Platalets help prevent bleeding as they can stick to each other in the walls of the blood vessels
-If a performer gets a cut while playing the platelets flowing in the plasma stick together and form a plug to prevent further bleeding
Red blood cells
-Red blood cells carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
-The oxygen cells joins with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells and is transported via plasma to the working muscles where it is needed for aerobic activity.
-Some carbon dioxide produced can be transported away from the working muscles in the opposite way.
White blood cells
-White blood cells help fight infection
-They travel around the body in plasma
and fight any infections or any diseases there may be
-It is important performers stay free from illness so they can continue to train and maintain their performance level
Vascular shunting
-When we exercise our muscles need more blood, so our body works hard to get more blood to the muscles and away from inactive areas
Vasodilation (vascular shunting)
Blood vessels get bigger. For example the vessels that supply active areas dilate to increase blood flow. This means more oxygen and nutrients
Vasoconstriction (vascular shunting)
Blood vessels are squeezed to make them smaller. For example the vessels in the digestive system vasoconstrict reducing blood flow to this area when we exercise
% Inhaled air
Nitrogen –> 79%
Oxygen –> 21%
Carbon dioxide –> 0.04%
% Exhaled air
Nitrogen –> 79%
Oxygen –> 16%
Carbon dioxide –> 4%
Vital capacity “KT”
The maximum amount of air the lungs can exhale after the maximum amount of air has been inhaled
Tidal volume “KT”
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
During exercise, tidal volume increases because:
- You need more oxygen in your blood for energy production
- You need to get rid of excess of co2
Lung Volume “KT”
The capacity of the lungs
Components of the respiratory system
- Lungs
- Diaphragm
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Bronchi and bronchioles
- The air travels to each of the lungs through bronchi
- Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles
- Bronchioles branch out thorugh the lungs and carry air from bronchi to alveoli
Gaseous exchange occurs
at alveoli
Alveoli to capillaries:
- Gases move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
- Alveoli is an area of high concentration of oxygen
- Capillaries is an area of low concentration of oxygen
-Movement of this occurs through the thin walls of capillaries and alveoli - This is then transported around the body to working muscles
Capillaries to alveoli:
- Capillaries surrounding alveoli have a high concentration of carbon dioxide
- Alveoli has a low pressure of carbon dioxide
Gaseous exchange during aerobic activity:
There is an increase in breathing rate and gaseous exchange to reach the demandsof working muscles
Gaseous exchange during anaerobic activity:
There is a grater breathng rate allowing a grater gaseous exchange to aid recovery
Aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + heat + energy
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose –> Lactic acid + energy
Lactic acid
- Is a toxic, after a period your muscles ache and eventually causes a cramp and the muscle stop working
- You have to rest while blood supplies oxygen to working muscles so they can recover
- During gently exercise lactic acid builds up moderately but at a higher intensity lactic acid build up much quicker
Carbodydrates
- Provide energy for aerobic and anaeric exercise
- They: do not require oxygen to break down, do not give as much energy as fats, break down quicker than fats
Fats
- Provide energy for aerobic energy
-They: require oxygen to break down, break down slowly, once broken they give a lot of energy
Long term effects in cardio-respiratory system:
- Decrease resting heart rate
- Faster recovery rate
- Increased resting stroke volume
- Increased maximum cardiac output
- Increased size / strength
Long term effects in blood:
- Increased number of red blood cells
- Increased capillarisation
- Drop in resting pressure
Long term effects in respiratory system:
- Increased number of alveoli
- Increased strength of intercostal muscles
- Increased tidal volume
- Increased vital capacity
Long term effects in musculo-skeletal:
- Increased bone density
- Increased strength in ligaments and tendons
- Muscle hypertrophy
- Rest for adaptation and recovery
Short term effects in muscles:
- Muscle fatigue
- Lactate accumulation
Short term effects cardiovascular:
- Increased heart rate
- Increased stroke volume
- Increased cadiac output
Short term effects in respiratory system:
- Increased depth of breathing
- Increased rate of breathing
- Increased gaseous exchange
Oxygen debt
When you stop exercising, you keep breathing deeply to “repay” the oxygen debt
What is a lever?
A lever is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint).
4 parts to a lever
lever arm, pivot, effort and load
3 type of classes of levers
fulcrum, effort, load
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out the heart per beat
Fulcrum
a fixed pivot joint
Effort
The source of energy
Load
The weight resistance to be moved
Mechanical advantages of lever
- To move a load faster and further than is possible without a lever
- To move a heavier load that cant be moved without a lever
plane
An imaginary line dividing the body into two
Axis
An imaginary line around which a body or body part can turn
Sagital plane
An imaginary line dividing the body vertically into left and right sides
Frontal axis
An imaginary line passing horizontally through the body from left lo right allowing flexion and extension
Frontal plane
An imaginary line dividing the body vertically from front to back
Sagital axis
An imaginary line passing horizontally through the body from front to back allowing adduction and abduction
Transverse plane
An imaginary line which divides the body into top and bottom
Vertical axis
An imaginary line that goes from top to bottom allowing rotation
first class lever (example)
- Heading a football
- Throwing a javelin
second class lever (example)
- Long jumper taking off
- Blocking a throw by jumping in basketball
third class lever (example)
- Biceps curl
- kicking a fotball
Mechanical disadvantage of lever
1st class –> No disadvanatges
2nd class –> Small range of movement and cannot move the load quickly
3rd class –> Greater force required than the load to be moved
