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iGCSE PE > Paper 1 Topic 1 & 2(Y11) > Flashcards

Paper 1 Topic 1 & 2(Y11) Flashcards

1
Q

FUNCTIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

-Transport oxygen
-Transport carbon dioxide
-Transport nutrients
-Clotting of open wounds

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2
Q

Transport oxygen

A

The cardiovascular system transports oxygen around the body in the blood.

It carries oxygen to the muscles and vital organs.

Oxygen is needed in energy production for activity

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3
Q

Transport carbon dioxide

A

Carbon dioxide is a by-product energy production.
The cardiovascular system takes carbon dioxide away from muscles

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4
Q

Transport nutrients

A

Nutrients are broken down from the food we eat.
The cardiovascular system transports these nutrients to the body through the blood.

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5
Q

Clotting of open wounds

A

Platalets that are transported in the blood help clot wounds

It is needed so you can keep playing if you have cut yourself

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6
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Is on the RIGHT side of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle

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7
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Is on the LEFT side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle

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8
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Are between the ventricles and pulmonary artery and vein.

These valves help the blood moving foward by shutting behind the blood that has passed through preventing backflow.

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9
Q

Vena Cava

A

RIGHT. Is the main vein bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart so it can be pumped to the lungs to collect oxygen.

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10
Q

Pulmonary artery (right)

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to take blood AWAY to the lungs to receive oxygen

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11
Q

Aorta

A

(LEFT) Is the main artery and carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to take oxygen to the working muscles

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12
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Left. Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs IN to the left atrium

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13
Q

Right atrium

A

recieves deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava

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14
Q

Left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein

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15
Q

Right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve

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16
Q

Left ventricle

A

recieves oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the bicuspid valve

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17
Q

Septum

A

is the wall that seperates the left and right sides of the heart

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18
Q

Blood vessels:

A

-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries

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19
Q

Arteries (structure)

A

-Thin muscular elastic walls
-Small internal diameter (lumen)

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20
Q

Arteries (function)

A

-Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
-Mainly carries oxygenated blood

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21
Q

Arteries in physical activity

A

They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, sending it around your body to the muscles that need oxygen to contract.

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22
Q

Veins (structure)

A

-Thin walls
-Large internal lumen
-Contain valves

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23
Q

Veins (functions)

A

-Carry blood at low pressure IN to the heart
-Main carries deoxygenated blos

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24
Q

Veins in physical cativity

A

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart for it to be re-oxygenated, ready for releasing energy

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25
Q

Capillaries (structure)

A

-Very thin walls (only one cell thick)
-Small internal diameter (lumen)

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26
Q

Capillaries (functions)

A

-Link smaller arteries to smaller veins
-Carry blood at a very low pressure

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27
Q

Capillaries revelance to physical activity

A

Allow gaseous exchange. Walls are very thin to allow gases and nutrients to pass through them, therefore getting oxygen to the muscles and remove carbon dioxide

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28
Q

Plasma

A

-Plasma is the liquid part of blood
-Plasma transports blood cells, platelets and nutrients to different parts of the body
-This is important in physical activity because it carries oxygen to the working muscles and carries carbon dioxide away.

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29
Q

Platalets

A
  • Platalets help prevent bleeding as they can stick to each other in the walls of the blood vessels
    -If a performer gets a cut while playing the platelets flowing in the plasma stick together and form a plug to prevent further bleeding
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30
Q

Red blood cells

A

-Red blood cells carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
-The oxygen cells joins with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells and is transported via plasma to the working muscles where it is needed for aerobic activity.
-Some carbon dioxide produced can be transported away from the working muscles in the opposite way.

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31
Q

White blood cells

A

-White blood cells help fight infection
-They travel around the body in plasma
and fight any infections or any diseases there may be
-It is important performers stay free from illness so they can continue to train and maintain their performance level

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32
Q

Vascular shunting

A

-When we exercise our muscles need more blood, so our body works hard to get more blood to the muscles and away from inactive areas

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33
Q

Vasodilation (vascular shunting)

A

Blood vessels get bigger. For example the vessels that supply active areas dilate to increase blood flow. This means more oxygen and nutrients

34
Q

Vasoconstriction (vascular shunting)

A

Blood vessels are squeezed to make them smaller. For example the vessels in the digestive system vasoconstrict reducing blood flow to this area when we exercise

35
Q

% Inhaled air

A

Nitrogen –> 79%
Oxygen –> 21%
Carbon dioxide –> 0.04%

36
Q

% Exhaled air

A

Nitrogen –> 79%
Oxygen –> 16%
Carbon dioxide –> 4%

37
Q

Vital capacity “KT”

A

The maximum amount of air the lungs can exhale after the maximum amount of air has been inhaled

38
Q

Tidal volume “KT”

A

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

39
Q

During exercise, tidal volume increases because:

A
  • You need more oxygen in your blood for energy production
  • You need to get rid of excess of co2
40
Q

Lung Volume “KT”

A

The capacity of the lungs

41
Q

Components of the respiratory system

A
  • Lungs
  • Diaphragm
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
42
Q

Bronchi and bronchioles

A
  • The air travels to each of the lungs through bronchi
  • Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles
  • Bronchioles branch out thorugh the lungs and carry air from bronchi to alveoli
43
Q

Gaseous exchange occurs

A

at alveoli

44
Q

Alveoli to capillaries:

A
  • Gases move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
  • Alveoli is an area of high concentration of oxygen
  • Capillaries is an area of low concentration of oxygen
    -Movement of this occurs through the thin walls of capillaries and alveoli
  • This is then transported around the body to working muscles
45
Q

Capillaries to alveoli:

A
  • Capillaries surrounding alveoli have a high concentration of carbon dioxide
  • Alveoli has a low pressure of carbon dioxide
46
Q

Gaseous exchange during aerobic activity:

A

There is an increase in breathing rate and gaseous exchange to reach the demandsof working muscles

47
Q

Gaseous exchange during anaerobic activity:

A

There is a grater breathng rate allowing a grater gaseous exchange to aid recovery

48
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen –> Carbon dioxide + water + heat + energy

49
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose –> Lactic acid + energy

50
Q

Lactic acid

A
  • Is a toxic, after a period your muscles ache and eventually causes a cramp and the muscle stop working
  • You have to rest while blood supplies oxygen to working muscles so they can recover
  • During gently exercise lactic acid builds up moderately but at a higher intensity lactic acid build up much quicker
51
Q

Carbodydrates

A
  • Provide energy for aerobic and anaeric exercise
  • They: do not require oxygen to break down, do not give as much energy as fats, break down quicker than fats
52
Q

Fats

A
  • Provide energy for aerobic energy
    -They: require oxygen to break down, break down slowly, once broken they give a lot of energy
53
Q

Long term effects in cardio-respiratory system:

A
  • Decrease resting heart rate
  • Faster recovery rate
  • Increased resting stroke volume
  • Increased maximum cardiac output
  • Increased size / strength
54
Q

Long term effects in blood:

A
  • Increased number of red blood cells
  • Increased capillarisation
  • Drop in resting pressure
55
Q

Long term effects in respiratory system:

A
  • Increased number of alveoli
  • Increased strength of intercostal muscles
  • Increased tidal volume
  • Increased vital capacity
56
Q

Long term effects in musculo-skeletal:

A
  • Increased bone density
  • Increased strength in ligaments and tendons
  • Muscle hypertrophy
  • Rest for adaptation and recovery
57
Q

Short term effects in muscles:

A
  • Muscle fatigue
  • Lactate accumulation
58
Q

Short term effects cardiovascular:

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased cadiac output
59
Q

Short term effects in respiratory system:

A
  • Increased depth of breathing
  • Increased rate of breathing
  • Increased gaseous exchange
60
Q

Oxygen debt

A

When you stop exercising, you keep breathing deeply to “repay” the oxygen debt

61
Q

What is a lever?

A

A lever is a rigid rod (usually a length of bone) that turns about a pivot (usually a joint).

62
Q

4 parts to a lever

A

lever arm, pivot, effort and load

63
Q

3 type of classes of levers

A

fulcrum, effort, load

64
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out the heart per beat

65
Q

Fulcrum

A

a fixed pivot joint

66
Q

Effort

A

The source of energy

67
Q

Load

A

The weight resistance to be moved

68
Q

Mechanical advantages of lever

A
  • To move a load faster and further than is possible without a lever
  • To move a heavier load that cant be moved without a lever
69
Q

plane

A

An imaginary line dividing the body into two

70
Q

Axis

A

An imaginary line around which a body or body part can turn

71
Q

Sagital plane

A

An imaginary line dividing the body vertically into left and right sides

72
Q

Frontal axis

A

An imaginary line passing horizontally through the body from left lo right allowing flexion and extension

73
Q

Frontal plane

A

An imaginary line dividing the body vertically from front to back

74
Q

Sagital axis

A

An imaginary line passing horizontally through the body from front to back allowing adduction and abduction

75
Q

Transverse plane

A

An imaginary line which divides the body into top and bottom

76
Q

Vertical axis

A

An imaginary line that goes from top to bottom allowing rotation

77
Q

first class lever (example)

A
  • Heading a football
  • Throwing a javelin
78
Q

second class lever (example)

A
  • Long jumper taking off
  • Blocking a throw by jumping in basketball
79
Q

third class lever (example)

A
  • Biceps curl
  • kicking a fotball
80
Q

Mechanical disadvantage of lever

A

1st class –> No disadvanatges
2nd class –> Small range of movement and cannot move the load quickly
3rd class –> Greater force required than the load to be moved

iGCSE PE (10 decks)

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