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Pharmacology > Pain Medications > Flashcards

Pain Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What are some non-pharmacologic methods for pain management?

A
  • massage
  • heat or cold
  • meditation
  • acupuncture
  • relaxation therapy
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2
Q

What are the 3 opioid receptors?

A
  1. Mu
  2. Kappa
  3. Delta
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3
Q

Where are the opioid receptors found?

A

Brain, spinal cord and GI tract

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4
Q

What are Mu and Kappa receptors associated with?

A

Analgesia and pain management

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5
Q

What feeling is associated with Mu receptors?

A

Euphoria

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6
Q

What receptors are associated with physical dependence?

A

Mu and delta

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7
Q

What is acute pain?

A
  • abrupt onset w brief duration

- source and cause of pain is usually easy to define

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8
Q

What is chronic pain?

A
  • lasts longer than 6 months
  • often difficult to identify the cause
  • can lead to feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
  • interferes w ADL’s
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9
Q

What are 2 classes of pain?

A
  1. Nociceptive

2. Neuropathic

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10
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

Result of an injury to a tissue which usually responds well to pharmacotherapy.

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11
Q

What are 2 types of nociceptive pain?

A
  1. somatic

2. visceral

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12
Q

What is somatic pain?

A

Sharp/localized pain in the muscles or joints

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13
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

Dull, throbbing, or aching pain in the organs.

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14
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

Result of an injury to a nerve, less responsive to pharmacotherapy. Feels like burning, shooting or numbing pain.

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15
Q

What does the P stand for in PQRST?

A

Provoking factors: events that cause or aggravate pain

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16
Q

What does the Q stand for in PQRST?

A

Quality and quantity; description of pain and rating of intensity

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17
Q

What does the R stand for in PQRST?

A

Region and radiation: origin of pain and whether it spreads from that origin

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18
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain that is experienced somewhere distant from the actual source of the pain

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19
Q

What does the S stand for in PQRST?

A

Signs and symptoms: measurable, observable indications of pain including inflammation and subjective factors expressed by the patient (nausea, dizziness)

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20
Q

What does the T stand for in PQRST?

A

Timing: onset, duration, and recurrence

21
Q

What two classes of drugs can be used for pain management?

A
  1. Opioids

2. Non-Opioids

22
Q

What are opioids?

A

They bind mu and kappa receptors to produce analgesia, indicated for moderate to severe pain.

23
Q

Name 3 natural opioids?

A
  1. morphine
  2. codeine
  3. oxycodone
24
Q

Name a synthetic opioid:

A

Fentanyl

25
Q

What’s an opioid antagonist?

A

Naloxone (narcan) - blocks mu and kappa receptors

26
Q

What is methadone?

A

A mu receptor agonist but does not cause euphoria; used to treat addiction

27
Q

Name 2 non-opioids:

A
  1. NSAIDS

2. acetaminophen

28
Q

What are 3 examples of NSAID’s?

A
  1. ASA
  2. celebrex
  3. ibuprofen
29
Q

Name two examples of opioid + non-opioid combination:

A
  1. Percocet (oxycodone + acetaminophen)

2. Percodan (oxycodone + ASA)

30
Q

When should opioids be used?

A

Moderate to severe pain

31
Q

What are some side effects of opioids?

A
  • sedation, euphoria, relaxation
  • constipation, nausea, vomiting
  • urinary retention
  • orthostatic hypotension, dizziness
  • respiratory depression
  • dependence, pruritis
32
Q

What are some of the trade names of morphine?

A
  • Kadian
  • M-Eslon
  • MS Contin
  • MS-IR
  • Statex
33
Q

What are the uses of morphine?

A
  • acute and sever chronic pain

- relieving acute MI

34
Q

How does morphine work?

A

It occupies mu and kappa receptors in the brain and dorsal horn of the spinal cord

35
Q

If the resps are lower than ___ then morphine should be withheld?

A

<12

36
Q

What do opioids do to GI motility?

A

Reduce motility and promote constipation

37
Q

What does Naloxone do?

A

It reverses respiratory depression when acute opioid intoxication has occurred by blocking mu and kappa opioid receptors.

38
Q

The use of opioid antagonists such as naloxone may cause:

A

Withdrawal symptoms

39
Q

What are the side effects of Naloxone?

A
  • tend to be the opposite to effects of opioids
  • loss of analgesia
  • increased bp
  • hyperventilation
  • tremors
  • nausea, vomiting
  • drowsiness
40
Q

How long do withdrawal symptoms last for in a patient who is physically dependent on opioids?

A

7 days

41
Q

Do psychological or physical withdrawal symptoms last longer?

A

Psychological, cravings can persist for years after discontinuing the drug

42
Q

What is “methadone maintenance”?

A

When people who are dependent on opioids take methadone orally to prevent withdrawal symptoms but you don’t get the euphoric effects of the drug.

43
Q

How do NSAIDs work?

A

They reduce the production of prostaglandins at the site of injury by blocking cyclooxygenase (COX) therefore reducing inflammation and pain.

44
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of NSAIDs?

A
  • GI effects (ulceration of mucosa)
  • dizziness, headache, and rash
  • anti-clotting properties
45
Q

How does acetaminophen work

A

Equal efficacy to ASA, blocks COX in central nervous system

46
Q

Name another NSAID?

A

Aspirin

47
Q

What is aspirin used for?

A
  • mild to moderate pain
  • inflammation
  • fever
  • clot reduction
  • risk reduction of stroke and MI
48
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of aspirin?

A
  • gastric discomfort and bleeding

- increased clotting time

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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