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Pharmacology > GI Drugs > Flashcards

GI Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Is constipation more common in younger or older adults?

A

Older

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2
Q

Can constipation be a symptom of an underlying disease?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What are 4 possible symptoms of constipation in which 2 are required to be diagnosed with constipation?

A
  1. two or less bowel movements per week
  2. lumpy or hard stools at least 25% of the time
  3. straining to pass stools at least 25% of the time
  4. feeling of incomplete evacuation at least 25% of the time
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4
Q

What are some causes of constipation?

A
  • lack of exercise
  • insufficient diet, lack of dietary fibre
  • lack of fluid intake
  • drugs that reduce GI motility
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5
Q

What can severe constipation lead to?

A

Fecal impaction and complete bowel obstruction

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6
Q

What are some non-pharmacological approaches to treat constipation?

A
  • regular exercise
  • eating a sufficient amount of food to meet the requirements of the body
  • healthy diet including insoluble dietary fibre
  • adequate hydration
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7
Q

What are laxatives?

A

Drugs that promote the evacuation of bowel.

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8
Q

How many classes of laxatives are there?

A

4

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9
Q

What are the 4 classes of laxatives?

A
  1. Bulk forming
  2. Stool softeners
  3. Stimulants
  4. Osmotics
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10
Q

How do bulk-forming laxatives work?

A

They have fibre that absorbs water, forming bulkier stool that passes more easily.

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11
Q

What must be taken with bulk-forming laxatives?

A

Lots of water

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12
Q

Name a bulk forming laxative:

A

Metamucil

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13
Q

How do stool softeners work?

A

They are made up of surfactants that lower the surface tension of stool allowing more water to enter the stool.

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14
Q

Name a stool softener:

A

Colace

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15
Q

How do stimulants work?

A

They cause the intestinal muscles to rhythmically contract to help stimulate a bowel movement.

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16
Q

Name a stimulant:

A

Ducolax (Senokot)

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17
Q

How do osmotic laxatives work?

A

They draw water into the GI tract

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18
Q

Name a osmotic laxative:

A

Magnesium hydroxide

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19
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Metamucil?

A
  • occasional constipation

- reduction of blood cholesterol w longer use (LDL)

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20
Q

What are the adverse effects of Metamucil?

A

Mild cramping and diarrhea

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21
Q

Which laxative is the safest?

A

Bulk-forming

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22
Q

What are the serious effects of Metamucil if not taken with adequate water?

A

Obstruction of esophagus or intestines

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23
Q

What is Diarrhea?

A

Increased fluidity of feces when the colon does not reabsorb enough water.

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24
Q

Is diarrhea often secondary to another condition?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What can cause diarrhea?

A
  • GI infections
  • drugs (antibiotics, NSAIDs, and digoxin)
  • inflammation of the bowel
  • foods
  • disease of the small intestine and pancreas, leading to malabsorption of food
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26
Q

What can prolonged diarrhea cause?

A
  • fluid imbalance
  • pH imbalance
  • electrolyte imbalance
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27
Q

What 2 types of drugs can be used to treat diarrhea?

A
  1. opioids

2. non-opioids

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28
Q

Are opioids or non-opioids more effective at treating diarrhea?

A

Opioids

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29
Q

How do opioids work?

A

They decrease GI motility via muscarinic receptors, providing more time for water reabsorption.

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30
Q

Name an opioid:

A

Atropine (Lomotil)

31
Q

Name an over the counter opioid:

A

Imodium

32
Q

Name a non-opioid:

A

Pepto-Bismol

33
Q

Why should you take Lomotil?

A

Moderate to severe diarrhea

34
Q

What are the adverse effects of Lomotil?

A
  • dizziness
  • lethargy
  • drowsiness
  • anticholinergic effects
35
Q

What is nausea?

A

An unpleasant feeling of need to vomit accompanied by weakness, diaphoresis, dizziness, and hyperproduction of saliva.

36
Q

What is vomiting?

A

The stomach content are forced upward into the mouth.

37
Q

What is another name for vomiting?

A

Emesis

38
Q

What are some causes of nausea and vomiting?

A
  • motion sickness
  • drugs, toxins
  • GI infection
  • stress, pain
  • pregnancy
39
Q

What are some complications from chronic vomiting?

A
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • significant weight loss
40
Q

What classes of drugs can be used to treat nausea and vomiting?

A
  1. Anticholinergics
  2. Antihistamines
  3. Serotonin receptor antagonists
41
Q

Name an anticholinergic used to treat nausea due to motion sickness:

A

Scopolamine

42
Q

Name an antihistamine used to treat nausea due to motion sickness:

A

Gravol

43
Q

Name a serotonin receptor antagonist used to treat chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting:

A

Ondansetron

44
Q

Name a anti-psychotic medication used to treat severe nausea and vomiting:

A

Stemetil

45
Q

What is an adverse effect of Stemetil?

A

Extrapyramidal effects

46
Q

What are some extrapyramidal effects?

A
  • anxiety
  • slurred speech
  • akinesia (not moving)
  • dystonic reactions (involuntary)
  • tremor
47
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

When the digestive enzymes remain in the pancreas rater than being released into the duodenum.

48
Q

What is acute pancreatitis associated with in males and females?

A

Males: alcoholism
Females: gallstones

49
Q

Is acute pancreatitis more common in young, middle, or older aged adults?

A

Middle aged adults

50
Q

What is chronic pancreatitis associated with?

A

Alcoholism

51
Q

What causes pancreatitis?

A
  • alcoholism
  • infections
  • genetic (cystic fibrosis)
52
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of pancreatitis?

A
  • left upper quadrant pain when eating

- nausea and vomiting when eating

53
Q

What type of drug can treat pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatic enzymes

54
Q

Name a pancreatic enzyme drug:

A

Pancreatin/Pancrease

55
Q

How does Pancrease work?

A

It facilitates digestion by turning:

  • lipids into fatty acids
  • starches into dextrin and sugars
  • proteins into peptides
56
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of Pancrease?

A
  • GI symptoms
57
Q

Acid secretion in the stomach is increased by:

A
  • gastrin receptors
  • histamine 2 receptors
  • PNS (acetylcholine receptors)
58
Q

Acid secretion in the stomach is decreased by?

A

Prostaglandin receptors

59
Q

What type of cells produce mucous which protects the lining of the stomach?

A

Goblet cells

60
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease (PUD)?

A

Erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach and/or the duodenum

61
Q

What causes peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • H. pyloric infection

- chronic use of NSAIDs (reduce the production of prostaglandins)

62
Q

Are gastric ulcers or duodenal ulcers more common?

A

Duodenal ulcers

63
Q

What causes peptic ulcer disease?

A

Stress, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system which leads to vasoconstriction of blood vessels to the stomach and therefore causes reduced secretion of mucous and bicarbonate ions

64
Q

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

A

A chronic condition characterized by persistent heartburn due to weakening of the lower esophageal sphincter.

65
Q

What are some symptoms of GERD?

A
  • heartburn
  • chest pain
  • nausea
  • belching
66
Q

What type of drugs can be used to treat PUD and GERD?

A
  1. Drugs that reduce acid secretion (H2 receptor antagonists, ppi’s, prostaglandins)
  2. Drugs that neutralize acid (antacids)
  3. Antibiotics (Amoxicillin and tetracycline)
67
Q

Name a H2 receptor antagonist used to treat PUD and GERD:

A

Zantac

68
Q

What are some adverse effects of Zantac?

A
  • neutropenia (fewer neutrophils) and thrombocytopenia (low platelet)
  • confusion
  • loss of libido in men
69
Q

Name a proton pump inhibitor used to treat PUD and GERD:

A

Losec

70
Q

When should Losec be taken?

A

30 mins before meals

71
Q

How long can you take Losec for?

A

4-8 weeks (short term only)

72
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of Losec?

A
  • headache
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • rash
  • abdominal pain
  • blood conditions
  • fatigue
  • weakness
73
Q

What are antacids composed of and what do they do to stomach acid?

A

Carbonate, hydroxide, and bicarbonate compounds that neutralize the stomach acid

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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