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Pharmacology > Cholinergic and Adrenergic Drugs > Flashcards

Cholinergic and Adrenergic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

The autonomic and somatic divisions.

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4
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary (skeletal muscles)

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5
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Involuntary (organs)

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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic Nervous System

2. Sympathetic Nervous System

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7
Q

What does the parasympathetic division mean?

A

Rest and digest.

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8
Q

What does the sympathetic division mean?

A

Fight or flight.

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9
Q

Constricting pupils is a feature of which division?

A

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

Salivation occurs with which division?

A

Parasympathetic

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11
Q

Slowed heart rate occurs in which division?

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Constricted breathing is a feature of which division?

A

Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Increased digestion is a feature of which division

A

Parasympathetic

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14
Q

Stimulated gallbladder is a feature of which division?

A

Parasympathetic

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15
Q

Contracted bladder is a feature of which division

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Stimulated sex organs is a feature of which division?

A

Parasympathetic

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17
Q

Dilated pupils is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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18
Q

Inhibited salivation is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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19
Q

Accelerated heart rate is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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20
Q

Facilitated breathing is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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21
Q

Inhibited digestion is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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22
Q

The release of glucose by the liver is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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23
Q

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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24
Q

Relaxation of the bladder is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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25
Q

Inhibition of sex organs is a feature of which division?

A

Sympathetic

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26
Q

What division do cholinergic drugs act on?

A

Parasympathetic

27
Q

What division to adrenergic drugs act on?

A

Sympathetic

28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A major neurotransmitter in the cholinergic system

29
Q

Where is acetylcholine released from, where does it bind to, and what is its function?

A

Acetylcholine is released from nerve endings, it binds to receptors on cell membranes and causes muscle contractions.

30
Q

What receptor subtypes are found in the cholinergic system?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

31
Q

Agonist Drugs

A

Mimic the effects of the neurotransmitters naturally found in the human body.

32
Q

Antagonist Drugs

A

Block the brain’s receptors

33
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

A

Used for skeletal muscle contraction.

34
Q

What is a function of nicotinic receptor blockers?

A

Undergoing surgery - relaxes your muscles

35
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

Used in the heart, exocrine glands, and the smooth muscles.

36
Q

How do the muscarinic receptors affect the heart?

A

Bradycardia

37
Q

How do the muscarinic receptors affect the exocrine glands?

A

Increases sweating, salivation, secretions, etc…

38
Q

How do the muscarinic receptors affect the smooth muscles?

A
  • contraction in the lungs
  • increased motility in the GI tract
  • contraction of the bladder
  • vasodilation of the vascular system
39
Q

Why might muscarinic receptor agonists be used?

A
  • dry mouth
  • urinary retention
  • digestion aid
40
Q

What does Bethanecol (Duvoid) do? What receptors does it act on? What class of drug is it?

A

Bethanecol (Duvoid) increases voiding, it acts on muscarinic receptors, and it is a cholinergic agonist.

41
Q

Who is most susceptible to adverse affects associated with cholinergic agonists?

A

Children

42
Q

What is the action of anticholinergic agents?

A

Used to block the effects of acetylcholine which blocks the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

43
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of anticholinergic drugs?

A

Increased heart rate, decreased GI activity, decreased bladder function, pupil dilation, etc…

44
Q

What does Atropine do? What receptors does it act on? What class of drug is it?

A

Atropine increases heart rate and dilates pupils before an eye exam. It inhibits the muscarinic receptors and is an anticholinergic.

45
Q

What does Scopolamine do? What receptors does it act on? What class of drug is it?

A

Scopolamine decreases salivation, increases heart rate and treats motion sickness. It acts against muscarinic receptors and is an anticholinergic.

46
Q

What should you monitor when taking cholinergic drugs?

A

Orthostatic hypotension because you’re decreasing blood pressure

47
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

48
Q

What receptors are involved in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2

49
Q

What do Alpha 1 receptors stimulate?

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • decreased mobility of the GI tract
  • decreased insulin production
  • contractions of the pregnant uterus
50
Q

What do Beta 1 receptors do?

A
  • increase heart rate
  • increase force of contraction
  • increase renin release (+ BP)
51
Q

What do Beta 2 receptors do?

A
  • bronchodilation
  • relaxation of the pregnant uterus
  • decreased motility of the GI tract
52
Q

What’s another name for adrenergic antagonists?

A

Sympatholytics

53
Q

What does a selective drug mean?

A

Distinguishes between alpha 1 and alpha 2 or beta 1 and beta 2 and only acts on one of them, not both numbers.

54
Q

What does a non-selective drug mean?

A

The drug acts on both alpha 1 and alpha 2 or beta 1 and beta 2 because it doesn’t specify what number it’s acting on.

55
Q

What are some therapeutic applications of alpha 1 activation?

A
  • Hemostasis/stop bleeding (vasoconstriction)
  • nasal decongestion (mucosal vasoconstriction)
  • elevate blood pressure (vasoconstriction)
56
Q

What are some therapeutic applications of Beta 2 activation?

A
  • asthma (bronchodilation)

- delay of preterm labour ( delay of preterm labour)

57
Q

What does Ventolin do? What receptors does it act on? What class of drug is it?

A

Ventolin causes bronchodilation, it acts on beta 2 receptors and is adrenergic drug.

58
Q

What do anti-adrenergic drugs do?

A

Block the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

59
Q

What does Prazosin (Minipress) do? What receptors does it act on? What class of drug is it?

A

Prazosin causes vasodilation, it blocks alpha 1 receptors, and it a anti-adrenergic drug.

60
Q

What is First-dose phenomenon?

A

When the alpha 1 receptors are blocked, allowing the parasympathetic nervous system to predominate which causes vasodilation, hypotension, decreased blood flow to the brain and syncope after the first dose.

61
Q

How can we prevent first dose phenomenon?

A

Use a lower dose for initial therapy and don’t give first dose a bedtime

62
Q

What does Propranolol do? What receptors does it act on? What class of drug is it?

A

Propranolol decreases heart rate, treats heart attacks, heart failure and decreases BP. It is a beta blocker and is a adrenergic antagonist.

63
Q

How do beta blockers mask the signs of hypoglycemia?

A

Increased heart rate is a sign of hypoglycemia and beta blockers decrease heart rate so you might not know that you’re experiencing hypoglycemia

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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