Pain Management Flashcards
Nonpharmacologic Interventions
Basic Comfort Measures - proper positioning and therapeutic environment
Cutaneous Stimulation- heat/cold, TENS
Cognitive and Behavioral Strategies - changing the way a client percieves pain
Distraction - prayer, music, deep breathing, games
Relaxation - meditation, yoga
Imagery - focusing on pleasant thoughts
Acupuncture and Acupressure
Chronic Pain
chronic/persistent is lasting longer than 6 months; sometimes categorized as cancer pain or noncancer pain
Acute Pain
protective, temporary, usually, self-limiting, has a direct cause, and resolves with tissue healing
lasting less than 6 months
No-one should judge another pain experience
“Pain is whatever the person says it is occurring whenever the person says it does” - Margo Mccaffery
Nociceptive Pain
arises from damage to or inflammation of tissue
typically responds to non pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies, opioid and non opioid
Somatic Pain
in skin, bones, joint, muscle, and connective tissue; described as throbbing
Visceral Pain
internal organs; described as cramps, squeezing, or heavy
Neuropathic Pain
abnormal or damaged nerves
pins/needles, shooting, burning, tingling, electric-like, and numbness
Allodynia
when things that shouldn’t cause pain, do cause pain (feather’s touch or clothing)
Four Phases of Nociceptive Pain
Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation
Biopsychosocial Model of Pain
Biologic Factors
Psychological Factors
Sociocultural Factors
Why do depression and pain coexist?
Pain and depression use the same neural pathways and the same neurotransmitters
Analgesics, or pain killers
medications that relieve different types of pain
Opioids
Non opioids
Adjuvant analgesics
Opioids
Exogenous: morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone
Endogenous: endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins
Non opioids
acetaminophen and NSAIDS
