Pain, Anaesthesia

Question 1

Can we be sure animals does not feel pain like we do?

Answer 1

no if:

1) they have similar mechanisms of registrering pain.
2) the animal behaves in a similar way to us when hurt
3) analgesia hurts this response

Question 2

Why is it important to avoid pain?

Answer 2

1) stress response - impact on data and suffering
2) impaired recovery
3) risk of developing chronic pain

Question 3

What types of stress are there?

Answer 3

1) acute stress - HPA-axis activation - fight or flight

2) chronic stress - difference in behaviour as a product of unable to adapt to certain stimuli

Question 4

What is the HPA axis?

Answer 4

Hypothalamus - pitituary gland - adrenal cortex

Question 5

Why is it important to not have impaired recovery?

Answer 5

superficial breathing, bad intestinal function, bad heat regulation and dehydration and catabolism can all impact pain and experimental data.

Question 6

Why is chronic pain bad?

Answer 6

development of chronic pain can become pathological. central nervous system pathways become injured - things that shouldnt provoke pain does, and we can see an increase in pain response.

Question 7

How do we control pain and stress?

Answer 7

1) recognize
2) asses
3) alleviate

Question 8

How do we recognise pain?

Answer 8

1) physiological parameters (HR, BT, BP, weight, food water consumption, feces)
2) biomarkers (eg corticosteroids, adrenalin,C-fos, oxidative stress markers - both acute and chronic, IgA)
3) clinical and behavioural signs (activity, posture, moving pattern, facial expression etc - general deviation from normal behaviour)

Question 9

Basic behaviour in moice/rats

Answer 9

1) netsing
2) social
3) exploration
4) some grooming
5) normal movement

Question 10

Abnormal behaviour in moice/rats

Answer 10

1) repetitive behaviour

2) calming coping effect

Question 11

How do we alliviate pain?

Answer 11

1) anaesthesia

2) analgesia

Question 12

How do we prevent pain from occuring at all?

Answer 12

1) preemmptive analgesia
2) technical skill
3) hygiene
4) other sources of discomfort eg handling
5) monitor animals
6) continue treatment for an adequate time

Question 13

What to think of when providing analgesia

Answer 13

1) objective of experiment
2) invasiveness of procedure
3) type of anasthesia
4) duration of analgesia
5) administration of analgesia

Question 14

Name some analgesia

Answer 14

1) NSAID
2) opiods
3) local analgesia

Question 15

Two types of aneasthesia:

Answer 15

1) local

2) general

Question 16

What is the triade of aneassthesia?

Answer 16

1) analgesia
2) consciousness
3) muscle relaxation

Question 17

what to do before giving general aneasthesia:

Answer 17

1) pre anea… medication
2) evaluation of animal
3) choice of drug
4) analgesia
5) monitoring anea…

Question 18

Why fast an animal?

Answer 18

1) the animal won´t choke
2) specific experimental puposes
3) body function not busy with digestion

but it might be very stressful to the animal and might induce torpor.

Question 19

How long should you fast animals?

Answer 19

rodents we dont fast because they cant vomit

dogs, cats, primates - 8-12 hours

ruminants - 12-24 hours

Question 20

Pros and cons of pre anea… medication:

Answer 20

pros: reduce fear and stress, better recovery, better induction of anea..
cons: might interfere with experiment

Question 21

One or severall drugs:

Answer 21

one: one big side effect but good for results since you know that one
several: smaller side effects but might interfere with results.

Question 22

Inhalation vs injection:

Answer 22

Inhale = expensive, easy to control, rapid, good for prolonged surgery.

injection = cheap and easy, hard to control, easy to overdose, a lot of injections - might bbe tricky.

Question 23

how do we monitor anea…

Answer 23

1) monitoring reflexes (turn over, withdrawal)
2) circulatory and respiratory functions (oxygen sat. <90 too low) - the shorter the procedure the less fancy the measuring techniques have to be.

Question 24

Post-operatively arisen problems:

Answer 24

1) pain
2) dehydration
3) hypothermia
4) infections
5) postanea.. restlessness and self injury

what to do quite obvious.

Question 25

How does analgesia affect the experimental data?

Answer 25

Both analgesia but also pain may affect several systems in the body. It´s about pros and cons.

Question 26

How do we make sure we use the correct analgesia?

Answer 26

1) study the litterature
2) discuss with experts and colleagues
3) investigate if the model is infected - pilot studies.

Question 27

What to do if analgesia can’t be administered:

Answer 27

1) have early experimental end points (as early as possible)
2) Strictly defined humane endpoints and plans
3) make sure all the other stuff is ok - like acces to food and water if the animal is in pain.