Pain, Anaesthesia Flashcards
Can we be sure animals does not feel pain like we do?
no if:
1) they have similar mechanisms of registrering pain.
2) the animal behaves in a similar way to us when hurt
3) analgesia hurts this response
Why is it important to avoid pain?
1) stress response - impact on data and suffering
2) impaired recovery
3) risk of developing chronic pain
What types of stress are there?
1) acute stress - HPA-axis activation - fight or flight
2) chronic stress - difference in behaviour as a product of unable to adapt to certain stimuli
What is the HPA axis?
Hypothalamus - pitituary gland - adrenal cortex
Why is it important to not have impaired recovery?
superficial breathing, bad intestinal function, bad heat regulation and dehydration and catabolism can all impact pain and experimental data.
Why is chronic pain bad?
development of chronic pain can become pathological. central nervous system pathways become injured - things that shouldnt provoke pain does, and we can see an increase in pain response.
How do we control pain and stress?
1) recognize
2) asses
3) alleviate
How do we recognise pain?
1) physiological parameters (HR, BT, BP, weight, food water consumption, feces)
2) biomarkers (eg corticosteroids, adrenalin,C-fos, oxidative stress markers - both acute and chronic, IgA)
3) clinical and behavioural signs (activity, posture, moving pattern, facial expression etc - general deviation from normal behaviour)
Basic behaviour in moice/rats
1) netsing
2) social
3) exploration
4) some grooming
5) normal movement
Abnormal behaviour in moice/rats
1) repetitive behaviour
2) calming coping effect
How do we alliviate pain?
1) anaesthesia
2) analgesia
How do we prevent pain from occuring at all?
1) preemmptive analgesia
2) technical skill
3) hygiene
4) other sources of discomfort eg handling
5) monitor animals
6) continue treatment for an adequate time
What to think of when providing analgesia
1) objective of experiment
2) invasiveness of procedure
3) type of anasthesia
4) duration of analgesia
5) administration of analgesia
Name some analgesia
1) NSAID
2) opiods
3) local analgesia
Two types of aneasthesia:
1) local
2) general
What is the triade of aneassthesia?
1) analgesia
2) consciousness
3) muscle relaxation
what to do before giving general aneasthesia:
1) pre anea… medication
2) evaluation of animal
3) choice of drug
4) analgesia
5) monitoring anea…
Why fast an animal?
1) the animal won´t choke
2) specific experimental puposes
3) body function not busy with digestion
but it might be very stressful to the animal and might induce torpor.
How long should you fast animals?
rodents we dont fast because they cant vomit
dogs, cats, primates - 8-12 hours
ruminants - 12-24 hours
Pros and cons of pre anea… medication:
pros: reduce fear and stress, better recovery, better induction of anea..
cons: might interfere with experiment
One or severall drugs:
one: one big side effect but good for results since you know that one
several: smaller side effects but might interfere with results.
Inhalation vs injection:
Inhale = expensive, easy to control, rapid, good for prolonged surgery.
injection = cheap and easy, hard to control, easy to overdose, a lot of injections - might bbe tricky.
how do we monitor anea…
1) monitoring reflexes (turn over, withdrawal)
2) circulatory and respiratory functions (oxygen sat. <90 too low) - the shorter the procedure the less fancy the measuring techniques have to be.
Post-operatively arisen problems:
1) pain
2) dehydration
3) hypothermia
4) infections
5) postanea.. restlessness and self injury
what to do quite obvious.
How does analgesia affect the experimental data?
Both analgesia but also pain may affect several systems in the body. It´s about pros and cons.
How do we make sure we use the correct analgesia?
1) study the litterature
2) discuss with experts and colleagues
3) investigate if the model is infected - pilot studies.
What to do if analgesia can’t be administered:
1) have early experimental end points (as early as possible)
2) Strictly defined humane endpoints and plans
3) make sure all the other stuff is ok - like acces to food and water if the animal is in pain.
