pain Flashcards
pain is caused when
stimulus caused electrical impulses to travel from periphery to the spinal cord. if the tissue is injured, can also release chemicals that excite or activate the nerve endings, causing pain
acute pain
is pain that lasts seconds to less than 6 months
chronic
is pain that 6 months or longer and can be intermittent or continuous
subjective indicators
asses characteristic of pain:
- location
- duration
- quantity
- quality
- chronology
- aggravating factor
- relieving factor
- associated phenomenon
objective indicators of pain
- vital signs
- muscle tension
- rigidity
- pallor
- pain becomes more severe, there is a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate
- nausea and vomiting
- fainting
- withdrawal to pain
- grimacing
- restlessness
- guarding an area of pain
slight pain
1 and 3
moderate pain
4 and 7
severe pain
8 and 10
wrong-baker faces
6 faces with different expressions
wrong-baker faces 0,2,4,6,8,10
0 with smiling face 2 hurts a little 4 hurts little more 6 hurts even more 8 hurts a whole lot 10 crying face and hurts worst
clients perception of pain affected by
cultural ethnic religious beliefs family support systems gender age environment past experiences with pain anxiety other stressors
nonpharmacological pain interventions
positioning cutanous stimulation heat/cold therapy touch/ healing, touch/theraptic massage acupuncture hyponsis acupressure electronic stimulating unit
distraction techniques
used for mild pain or as an adjunct to other modalities to relieve pain
opioids
considered first-line treatment for management of moderate to severe pain/include all controlled substances, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, methadone, meridine
nonopioid
include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) that are available over the counter
adjuvant analgecis
include antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, and bisphosphonates, used to enhance the effect of opioids by reducing pain and anxiety
pt. controlled analgesia
used typically for clients with postoperative pain.
- it is computerized intravenous pump with a syringe of a prescribed opioid medicine usually morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone
pain management involves
multimodal
multidisciplinary
client centered approach
clients have the right to
quality pain management and should be involved in discussions with the interprofessional team about how best to treat their pain
