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foundations > acid base and electrolyte imbalance > Flashcards

acid base and electrolyte imbalance Flashcards

1
Q

for cells to function optimally

A

metabolic processes must maintain a steady balance between acids and bases found in the body

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2
Q

acid-base represents

A

homeostasis of hydrogen (H+) ion concenter in body fluids

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3
Q

hydrogen shifts

A

between extracellular and intracellular compartments to compensate for acid-base imbalance

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4
Q

minor changes in hydrogen have

A

major effects on normal cellular function

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5
Q

ABG

A

the needle goes into the artery to check how well lungs works

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6
Q

arterial ph is an

A

indirect measurement of hydrogen ion concentration and is a result of respiratory and kidney compensation function

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7
Q

arterial blood is

A

most commonly used to evaluate acid base balance

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8
Q

the ph is the expression of the

A

balance between carbon dioxide (C02), which is regulated by the lungs, and bicarbonate (HC03) base regulayed by kidneys

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9
Q

compensation

A

refers to the process by which body attemps to correct changes and imbalances in ph levels

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10
Q

full compensation

A

occurs when ph level of blood returns to normal (7.35-7.45)

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11
Q

if ph level is not able to normalize

A

partial compensation

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12
Q

acid base imbalances are

A

result of insufficient compensation

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13
Q

respiratory and kidney function play a

A

a large role in the body’s ability to effectively compensate for acid-base alterations

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14
Q

organ dysfunction negatively

A

affects acid base compensation

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15
Q

less than 7.35

A

acidosis

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16
Q

greater than 7.45

A

identify as alkalosis

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17
Q

identify PaCO2 less than 35 or greater than 45

A

respiratory in orgin

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18
Q

identify HCO3 less than 22 or greater than 26 mEq/L

A

metabolic in orgin

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19
Q

evaluate the pa02 and Sa02 if results are less than the expected client is

A

hypoxic

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20
Q

uncompensated

A

ph is outside the expected reference range. and either HCO3 OR PACO2 IS outside the expected reference range

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21
Q

fully compensated

A

ph is within the expected reference range, but PaCo2 and HCO3 are both outside the expected range

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22
Q

ph is less than 7.40

A

acidosis

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23
Q

ph greater than 7.40

A

alkalosis

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24
Q

electrolytes

A

minerals in body that can conduct electricity

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25
Q

where are electrolytes found

A

urine, blood, tissues, as well as other body fluids

- as well as food, drinks, and supplementd

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26
Q

specific electrolytes

A

potassium
sodium
calcium
magnesium

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27
Q

electrolytes are responsible for

A
  • balancing the amount of water in body
  • balancing the bodys ph
  • moving waste out of body cells
  • moving nutrients into body cells
  • allowing body muscles heart, nerves, and brain to function properly
28
Q

average persons weight is

A

1/2 to 2/3 water

- crucial to maintaining the balance of water in body

29
Q

dehydration

A

person is unable to drink enough fluids to compensate for excess water loss

30
Q

thirst

A

results from nerve centers in brain being stimulated when body needs water

31
Q

vasopressin

A

stimulated in order to conserve water from pituitary gland

  • stimulates kidneys to excrete less urine which helps to conserve water
32
Q

what can lead to electrolyte imbalance

A 
dehydration 
overhydration
certain medications
history of heart 
kidney
liver disorder
incorrect intravenous fluids or feedings
33
Q

potassium levels

A

3.5- 5.1 meq/l

34
Q

sodium

A

135-145 meq/l

35
Q

calcium

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dl

36
Q

magnesium

A

1.8-2.2

37
Q

potassium role

A

helps with nerve and muscle cell function while playing an important role in muscle cells in heart

38
Q

sodium role

A
  • supports the function of nerves and mucles

- helps maintain a normal blood pressure

39
Q

calcium role

A
  • help the body maintain strong bones and is mostly stores in teeth and bones to support their hardness
  • also helps muscles move nerves to carry a message between the brain and body and blood vessels to move blood throughout the body
40
Q

magnesium role

A

assist in the regulation of the nerve and muscle function, blood pressure and blood sugar levels as well as making bone, protein, and dna

41
Q

electrolytes are

A

minerals that have an electric charge and present in all body fluids

42
Q

clients at greatest risk for electrolyte imbalce are

A 
infants
children
older adults 
clients have cognitive disorders
clients who have a chronic illness
43
Q

low k+ risk factors

A

meds:

  • corticosteroids
  • diruretcis
  • digitalis
  • abuse of laxatives

body fluid loss

  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • wound drianage
  • ng suction

excessive diaphoresis
kidney disease
dietary deficiency
alkalosis

44
Q

low k+ clinical maifestations

A
  • muscle weakness, cramping
  • fatigue
  • nausea, vomiting
  • irritability, confusion
  • decreased bowel motility
  • dysrhthmias
45
Q

nursing interventions for low k+

A
  • monitor ecg
  • assess respiraotry status
  • initiate fall precautions
  • monitor i&o
  • anticipate monitoring lab values
  • give potassium replacement as ordered (oral or iv)
  • pt. education
46
Q

risk factors and for high k+

A

renal failure

excessive potassium intake

47
Q

CM for high k+

A
  • ventricular dysrhythmias
  • muscle twitching and numbness
  • muscle weakness
  • increased bowel motility
48
Q

nursing interventions high in k+

A
  • monitor ecg
  • assess bowel sounds
  • question dialysis
  • dietary teaching
49
Q

risk factors low sodium na+

A

gi loss
water intoxication
excessive diaphoresis

50
Q

low sodium na+

A 
weakness
lethargy 
confusion 
seizures 
headahce 
muscle cramps, twitching 
hypotension 
tachycardia
weight gain/edema
51
Q

nursing interventions low na

A

sodium replacement (oral, gtube, iv)
restrict oral fluid intake
daily weight
monitor strcit i&oa

52
Q

risk factors for high na

A 
water deficent 
gi loss
hypertonic tube feedings 
diabetes insipidus 
burns
heatstroke
53
Q

clinical manifestations for high na

A 
fever 
swollen, dry tongue 
dry mucous membranes
hallucinations 
seizures 
tachycardia 
hypertension 
hyperreflexia, twitching
54
Q

high na+ nursing interventions

A
  • daily weights
  • monitor i&o
  • seizure precautions
  • ov infusion of hypotonic or isotonic fluid as order
  • diuretics
  • dietary sodium restrictions
  • increase oral fluid intake
55
Q

low calcium risk factors

A
  • hypoparathryoidism
  • hypomagnesium
  • kidney failure
  • vitamin d deficiency
56
Q

low calcium disease process

A

celiac
lactose intolerance
chrons disease
alcohol abuse

57
Q

low calcium clinical manifestations

A 
tenancy cramps 
paresthesia
dysrhythmias 
seizures 
hyperreflexia
impaired clotting time
58
Q

low calcium nursing interventions

A
  • seizure precautions
  • iv calcium replacemnt
  • daily calcium supplements as ordered
  • vitamin d therapy
  • monitor for orthostatic hypotension
  • dietary education
59
Q

high calcium risk factors

A
  • hyperparathryoidms
  • maligant disease
  • prolonged immoblization
  • vitamin d excess
  • lithium
  • digoxin toxicity
  • overuse of calcium supplements
60
Q

high ca clinical manifestations

A
  • muscle weakness/hyporeflexia
  • kidney stones/ flank pain
  • dysrthmias
  • lethargy coma
  • polyurina, polydipsia, dehydration
  • pathological fractures/ deep bone pain
  • hypertension
  • nausea/vomiting
61
Q

hypercalcemia nursing interventions

A
  • increase mobility
  • isotonic ivf as ordered
  • diaylysis
  • cardiac monitoring
62
Q

hypomagnesium risk factors

A 
gi loss
alcoholism 
hypocalcemia
hypokalemia 
dka
malabsorption 
tpn 
laxative abuse 
acute mi
63
Q

low mg nursing interventions

A
  • seizure precautions
  • monitor swallowing
  • anticipate medications
  • strict i&o
  • assess respirator status
  • ecg monitoring
64
Q

hypermangensium risk factors

A 
renal failure
excessive mag therapy 
adrenal insufficiency 
laxative overuse
lithium toxicity 
extensive soft tissuse injury or necrosis
65
Q

high mg clinical manifestations

A 
hypotension 
drowsiness
bradyvardia
coma
cardiac arrest 
hyporefelxia
nausea vomiting
facial flushing
66
Q

high mg nursing interventions

A 
mechanical ventilation 
iv fluids 
monitor respiratory status 
monitor ecg blood pressure
assess deep tendon reflexes
67
Q

high mg nursing interventions

A

monitor ecg blood pressure

asssess deep tendon relfexes

foundations (21 decks)

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