Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR120 > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

**What is pain?

A
  • subjective unpleasant sensory/emotional experience
  • destructive physiological effects
  • warns of potential injury
  • McCaffrey- put your beliefs about pain aside and focus on the patients’ pain experience*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does pain affect?

A
  • job performance
  • engagement in social activities
  • sexual intimacy
  • sleep and rest
  • ability to exercise
  • ADLs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

***What is cutaneous/superficial pain?

A

arises from skin or subcutaneous tissue

example: burn or paper cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

***What is deep somatic pain?

A

arises from ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and bones (achy, tender)

example: fracture, sprain, arthritis, bone cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

***What is visceral pain?

A

arises from deep internal pain receptors (tight, pressure, crampy)

example: menstrual cramps, labor pain, GI infection, bowel disorders, organ cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

***What is radiating pain?

A

starts at the origin and extends to other location

example: heartburn felt all ove thorax, sore throat making ears and head hurt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

***What is referred pain?

A

arises from an area that is distant to the original site

example: pain from a heart attack may be felt in jaw or left arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

***What is phantom pain?

A

pain that is perceived to originate from an area that has been surgically removed (burning, itching, pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

***What is psychogenic pain?

A

arises from the mind, no other cause identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

***What is nociceptive pain?

A

nociceptors (pain receptors) respond to stimuli that are potentially damaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

***What is neuropathic pain?

A

injury to nerve results in repeated transmission of pain signals in the absence of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

***What is pain quality?

A
  • sharp or dull
  • aching
  • throbbing
  • stabbing
  • burning
  • ripping
  • searing
  • tingling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

***What is pain periodicity?

A
  • episodic
  • intermittent
  • constant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

***What is pain intensity?

A
  • mild
  • moderate
  • distracting
  • severe
  • intolerable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is transduction?

A

activation of nociceptors by stimuli (mechanical, thermal, chemical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is transmission?

A

conduction of pain message to the spinal cord (via A-delta fibers-fast, via c fibers-slow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is pain perception?

A

recognizing and defining pain in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is pain threshold vs pain tolerance?

A

Threshold- point at which the brain defines stimulus as pain

Tolerance- duration and intensity of pain the person is willing to endure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is pain modulation?

A

changing pain perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the endogenous analgesia system?

A

neurons in the brainstem send impulses down to trigger endogenous opioids (naturally occurring)

21
Q

What is the gate-control theory?

A

-interplay between two different kinds of fibers (produce pain, inhibit pain)

22
Q

What factors influence pain?

A
  • emotions
  • past experience with pain
  • developmental stage
  • sociocultural factors
  • communication skills
  • cognitive impairments
23
Q

How does pain affect the endocrine system? Result?

A

pain triggers excessive release of adrenocorticotrophic, cortisol, ADH, growth, catecholamines, and glucagon

Result: weight loss, tachycardia, fever, increased RR, death

24
Q

How does pain affect the cardiovascular system? Result?

A

hypercoagulation, tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac workload, oxygen demand

Result: unstable angina, intracoronary thrombosis, heart attack

25
Q

How does pain affect the respiratory system? Result?

A

splinting (shallow breathing) reduces tidal volume, increased i/e pressures

Result: pneumonia, atelectasis, hypercarbia, respiratory acidosis

26
Q

How does pain affect the genitourinary system? Result?

A

release of excessive catecholamines, aldosterone, ADH, cortisol, angiotension II, prostaglandins

Result: decreased urine output, urinary retention, fluid overload, hypokalemia, hypertension, increased cardiac output

27
Q

How does pain affect the gastrointestinal system? Result?

A

intestinal secretions and smooth muscle tone increase

Result: gastric emptying, motility decrease

28
Q

**What are the characteristics we assess for of pain?

A
  • pain location
  • quality (sharp/dull, burning, stabbing, aching, throbbing, ripping, searing, tingling)
  • intensity (pain scale, mild, distracting, moderate, severe, intolerable)
  • aggravating/alleviating factors (what makes it better/worse)
  • periodicity (episodic, intermittent, constant)
29
Q

What are some nonverbal signs of pain?

A
  • facial expression (lowered brow, wincing, clenching jaw, closed eyes)
  • posture (guarding)
  • vital signs (increased HR, BP)
  • behavioral manifestations (depression, stoic, laughter, sleep)
30
Q

What does a TENS or PENS unit do?

A

-stimulates a-delta sensory fibers through pads applied to skin or needles inserted

31
Q

What is a spinal cord stimulator?

A

used for chronic neurological pain, implanted. Tingly sensation interferes with perception of pain

32
Q

**What is acupuncture?

A

needles to specific sites to relieve pain by stimulating endogenous analgesia system

33
Q

**What is acupressure?

A

pressure over pressure points releases endorphins

34
Q

What is massage?

A

cutaneous stimulation reduces pain

35
Q

Who would benefit from oral sucrose?

A

infants experiencing pain

36
Q

***What are some non-medical pain relief interventions?

A
  • distraction
  • hot/cold therapy
  • therapeutic touch (massage)
  • sequential muscle relaxation
  • guided imagery
  • diaphragmatic breathing (relaxation)
  • hypnosis
37
Q

What do NSAIDS do?

A
  • aspirin, ibuprofen
  • act on peripheral tissues best
  • interfere with production of prostaglandins
38
Q

What does acetaminophen do?

A
  • safer than NSAIDS bc no GI upset, platelet function

- analgesic and fever-reducing properties

39
Q

What are adjuvant analgesics?

A
  • reduce the amount of opioid needed
  • anticonvulsants, antidepressants, local anesthetics, topical agents, psychostimulants, muscle relaxants, neuroleptics, corticosteroids
40
Q

What do opioids do?

A

-find pain receptor sites (mu, delta, kappa, sigma) to bind with and block the pain impulse

41
Q

What are some examples of chemical pain relief measures

A
  • nerve block
  • epidural injection
  • local anesthesia
  • topical anesthesia
42
Q

What is radiofrequency ablation?

A

electromagnetic waves target the pain nerves. Longer relief than steroids and nerve blocks

43
Q

What is a cordotomy?

A

interrupts pain and temp sensation below the tract that is severed

44
Q

What is a rhizotomy?

A

interrupts the anterior or posterior nerve route

-often used for head and neck pain produced by cancer

45
Q

What is a neurectomy?

A

peripheral and cranial pathways are interrupted

46
Q

What is a sympathectomy?

A

severs the paths to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

47
Q

**What types of pain scales are there?

A
  • numerical rating scale (NRS)
  • visual analog scale (VAS)
  • Wong-Baker FACES
  • simple descriptive scale (SDS)
  • narrative descriptive scale (NDS)
48
Q

***What are the physiological responses to pain?

A
  • increased BP, HR, RR

- dilated pupils

NUR120 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions